ASTM.s environmental toxicology standards provide the proper procedures for carrying out tests and other evaluation procedures to assess and identify the potential impacts of certain substances on the species and constituents of the ecosystem to which the toxins were released. These toxins are released in the natural environment and are derived either from natural or synthetic pollutants. These environmental toxicology standards are valuable to environmental scientists and ecotoxicologists, and other environmentalist groups in implementing the appropriate measures to ensure overall prevention of the associated contamination risks.
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Antimicrobial Agents
E2361-13(2021) Standard Guide for Testing Leave-On Products Using In-Situ Methods
E3031-20 Standard Practice for Determination of Antibacterial Activity on Ceramic Surfaces
E875-20 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Fungal Control Agents as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry
D3946-92(1997) Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Bacteria Resistance of Water-Dilutable Metalworking Fluids (Withdrawn 2004)
E1326-20 Standard Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological Tests
E979-20 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents as Preservatives for Invert Emulsion and Other Water Containing Hydraulic Fluids
E2149-20 Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions
E3160-18 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Porous Antibacterial Treated Articles
E3226-19 Standard Test Method for Processing Cellulose Sponge-wipes to Detect Bacillus anthracis Spores Sampled from Environmental Surfaces
E686-91(1998) Standard Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents in Aqueous Metal Working Fluids (Withdrawn 2004)
E2275-19 Standard Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
E3227-20 Standard Test Practice for Qualitative Assessment of Antifungal Activity on Textiles
E2946-21 Standard Test Method for Determining the Bacteria-Reducing Effectiveness of Food-Handler Handwash Formulations Using Hands of Adults
E1837-96(2014) Standard Test Method to Determine Efficacy of Disinfection Processes for Reusable Medical Devices (Simulated Use Test) (Withdrawn 2023)
E2011-21 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Formulations for Virus-Eliminating Activity Using the Entire Hand
E1766-15 Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Sterilization Processes for Reusable Medical Devices (Withdrawn 2023)
E2784-10(2015) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Handwash Formulations Using the Paper Towel (Palmar) Method of Hand Contamination (Withdrawn 2024)
E2752-10(2015) Standard Guide for Evaluation of Residual Effectiveness of Antibacterial Personal Cleansing Products (Withdrawn 2024)
E2839-21 Standard Practice for Production and Storage of Spores of C. difficile for Use in Efficacy Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents
E3218-21 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Method for Testing Antimicrobial Agents against Spores of C. difficile on Hard, Nonporous Surfaces
E2967-15 Standard Test Method for Assessing the Ability of Pre-wetted Towelettes to Remove and Transfer Bacterial Contamination on Hard, Non-Porous Environmental Surfaces Using the Wiperator (Withdrawn 2024)
E2721-16 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Effectiveness of Decontamination Procedures for Surfaces When Challenged with Droplets Containing Human Pathogenic Viruses (Withdrawn 2024)
E2720-16 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Effectiveness of Decontamination Procedures for Air-Permeable Materials when Challenged with Biological Aerosols Containing Human Pathogenic Viruses (Withdrawn 2023)
E1838-17 Standard Test Method for Determining the Virus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults
E1115-11(2017) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Surgical Hand Scrub Formulations
E3151-18 Standard Test Method for Determining Antimicrobial Activity and Biofilm Resistance Properties of Tube, Yarn, or Fiber Specimens
E3092-18 Standard Practice for Evaluating Efficacy of Vaporous Decontaminants on Materials Contaminated with Bacillus Spores and Contained Within 0.2µm Filter-Capped Tubes
E3135-18 Standard Practice for Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Against Microorganisms on Carriers with Simulated Soil
E3162-18 Standard Practice Measuring the Durability of Antibacterial Agents Applied to Textiles under Simulated Home Laundering Conditions
E645-18 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Microbicides Used in Cooling Water Systems
E640-06(2019) Standard Test Method for Preservatives in Water-Containing Cosmetics
E3180-18 Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Comprised of Vegetative Cells and Spores Grown Using the Colony Biofilm Model
E2276-10(2019) Standard Test Method for Determining the Bacteria-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults
E2966-14(2019) Standard Test Method for Quantitative Assessment of Sanitizing Solutions for Carpet
E2111-12(2018) Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemicals
E3179-18 Standard Test Method for Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation against Influenza Virus on Fabric Carriers with Simulated Soil
E2895-19 Standard Practice for Producing High Titers of Viable and Semi-Purified Spores of Clostridium difficile using a Liquid Medium
E1839-20 Standard Practice for Efficacy of Slimicides for the Paper Industry—Bacterial and Fungal Slime
E1052-20 Standard Practice to Assess the Activity of Microbicides against Viruses in Suspension
E1053-20 Standard Practice to Assess Virucidal Activity of Chemicals Intended for Disinfection of Inanimate, Nonporous Environmental Surfaces
E2314-03(2014) Standard Test Method for Determination of Effectiveness of Cleaning Processes for Reusable Medical Instruments Using a Microbiologic Method (Simulated Use Test) (Withdrawn 2021)
E3058-16 Standard Test Method for Determining the Residual Kill Activity of Hand Antiseptic Formulations
E2647-20 Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown Using Drip Flow Biofilm Reactor with Low Shear and Continuous Flow
E1327-07(2018) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Handwash Formulations by Utilizing Fingernail Regions (Withdrawn 2024)
E3178-18 Standard Practice for Evaluating Static and Cidal Chemical Decontaminants against Bacillus Spores using Centrifugal Filtration Tubes
E2614-15(2020)e1 Standard Guide for Evaluation of Cleanroom Disinfectants
E1891-21 Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
E2894-13 Standard Test Method for Applying Aerosolized Bacillus Spores as Dry Inocula to Inanimate Surfaces (Withdrawn 2022)
E1427-00e1 Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods to Determine the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and Other Chemicals for the Prevention, Inactivation and Removal of Biofilm (Withdrawn 2009)
E2722-14 Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity in Fabric and Air Filter Media (Withdrawn 2022)
E1882-10 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Formulations by the Agar Patch Technique (Withdrawn 2019)
E2896-12 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Petri Plate Method (QPM) for Determining the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Towelettes (Withdrawn 2020)
E1174-21 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Healthcare Personnel Handwash Formulations
E3286-21 Standard Practice for Preparation Of Cell Monolayers on Glass Surfaces for Evaluation of Microbicidal Properties of Non-Chemical Based Antimicrobial Treatment Technologies
E3273-21 Standard Practice to Assess Microbial Decontamination of Indoor Air using an Aerobiology Chamber
E3321-21 Standard Test Method for Intraluminal Catheter Model used to Evaluate Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters for Prevention of Escherichia coli Biofilm Growth
E3161-21 Standard Practice for Preparing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm using the CDC Biofilm Reactor
E2871-21 Standard Test Method for Determining Disinfectant Efficacy Against Biofilm Grown in the CDC Biofilm Reactor Using the Single Tube Method
E1589-21 Standard Practice for Evaluation of First Aid Antiseptic Drug Products
E3285-22 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Contact-Mediated Microbial Transference
E2897-22 Standard Guide for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Topical Antimicrobial Products using ex vivo Porcine Skin
E2562-22 Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor
E2799-22 Standard Test Method for Testing Disinfectant Efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm using the MBEC Assay
E2783-22 Standard Test Method for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity for Water Miscible Compounds Using a Time-Kill Procedure
E2755-22 Standard Test Method for Determining the Bacteria-Eliminating Effectiveness of Healthcare Personnel Hand Rub Formulations Using Hands of Adults
E1153-22 Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate, Hard, Nonporous Non-Food Contact Surfaces
E1054-22 Standard Practices for Evaluation of Inactivators of Antimicrobial Agents
E2362-22 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Pre-saturated or Impregnated Towelettes for Hard Surface Disinfection
E3364-22 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Performance of Antimicrobials in or on Polymeric Porous and Nonporous Materials Against Staining by Streptomyces species (A Pink Stain Organism)
E3371-22 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Ability of a Synthetic Polymeric Material to Resist Bacterial Adherence
E3011-22 Standard Practice for In vitro production of Clostridioides difficile Spores
E2613-23 Standard Practice for Determining the Fungus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults
E1874-22e1 Standard Practice for Recovery of Microorganisms From Skin using the Cup Scrub Technique
E2196-23 Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Medium Shear and Continuous Flow Using Rotating Disk Reactor
E3152-23 Standard Guide for Standard Test Methods and Practices Available for Determining Antifungal Activity on Natural or Synthetic Substrates Treated with Antimicrobial Agents
E2922-23 Standard Guide for Use of Standard Test Methods and Practices for Evaluating Antibacterial Activity on Textiles
E1482-23 Standard Practice for Use of Gel Filtration Columns for Cytotoxicity Reduction and Neutralization
E2315-23 Standard Guide for Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Using a Time-Kill Procedure
E1173-23 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Preoperative, Precatheterization, or Preinjection Skin Preparations
E1259-23 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
E2471-23 Standard Test Method for Using Seeded-Agar for the Screening Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity In Carpets
E3363-23 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Performance Evaluation of Antimicrobial Towelettes
E2180-24 Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials
E3383-24 Standard Test Method for Determining the Microbial Barrier Properties of Wound Dressing – in vitro Wound Model
E1883-24 Standard Practice for Assessment of an Antibacterial Handwash Product by Multiple Basin Wash Technique
E2756-24a Standard Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents
E1428-24 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Performance of Antimicrobials in or on Polymeric Solids Against Staining by Streptomyces species (A Pink Stain Organism)
E2870-24 Standard Practice for Evaluating Relative Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Handwashing Formulations using the Palmar Surface and Mechanical Hand Sampling
E2197-24 Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Activities of Chemicals
E2274-24 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants
E2406-24 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations
E723-24 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials as Preservatives for Aqueous-Based Products Used in the Paper Industry (Bacterial Spoilage)
Control
F818-16(2020) Standard Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms and Barriers
F625/F625M-94(2022) Standard Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Control Systems
F2438-04(2022) Standard Specification for Oil Spill Response Boom Connection: Slide Connector
F715-07(2023) Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil Spill Control and Storage
F962-04(2023) Standard Specification for Oil Spill Response Boom Connection: Z-Connector
F1093-99(2023) Standard Test Methods for Tensile Strength Characteristics of Oil Spill Response Boom
F1523-94(2023) Standard Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance With Water Body Classifications
F1599-95(2024) Standard Guide for Collecting Performance Data on Temporary Storage Devices
F1657/F1657M-96(2024) Standard Practice for Emergency Joining of Booms with Incompatible Connectors
F3694-24 Standard Guide for Towing and Anchoring Oil Booms
F2682-07(2024) Standard Guide for Determining the Buoyancy to Weight Ratio of Oil Spill Containment Boom
F2683-11(2024) Standard Guide for Selection of Booms for Oil-Spill Response
F2084/F2084M-01(2024) Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
F3349-18(2024) Standard Guide for Use of Herding Agents in Conjunction with In-Situ Burning
In-Situ Burning
F2152-07(2021) Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant Boom
F2533-20 Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil in Ships or Other Vessels
F2823-20 Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills in Marshes
F873-84(2003) Standard Guide for Incinerating Oil Spill Wastes at Temporary Field Locations (Withdrawn 2010)
F3195-21 Standard Guide for Estimating the Volume of Oil Consumed in an In-Situ Burn
F1788-22 Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Environmental and Operational Considerations
F1990-23 Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Ignition Devices
F2230-23 Standard Guide for In-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Ice Conditions
Initial Response Actions
F1656-01 Standard Guide for Health and Safety Training of Oil Spill Responders in the United States (Withdrawn 2010)
F1644-01 Standard Guide for Health and Safety Training of Oil Spill Responders (Withdrawn 2010)
F1129/F1129M-12 Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)
F1011-22 Standard Guide for Developing a Hazardous Materials Training Curriculum for Initial Response Personnel
Mitigation Actions
F1522-95(2001) Standard Guide for Use of the Steam Stripping Process in Mitigating Chemical Spills (Withdrawn 2007)
F1525/F1525M-09 Standard Guide for Use of Membrane Technology in Mitigating Hazardous Chemical Spills (Withdrawn 2015)
F716-18 Standard Test Methods for Sorbent Performance of Absorbents for Use on Chemical and Light Hydrocarbon Spills
F1127-22 Standard Guide for Containment of Hazardous Material Spills by Emergency Response Personnel
F1524-22 Standard Guide for Use of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation of Chemical Spills
F726-17(2024) Standard Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents for use on Crude Oil and Related Spills
Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems
E1910/E1910M-21 Standard Test Method for Agricultural pH Control Agents, Measurement of pH Change and Buffering Capacity
E2407-04(2015) Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Defoaming Agents (Withdrawn 2024)
E2880-16b Standard Terminology Related to Biorationals
E2044-99(2019) Standard Test Method for Spreading of Liquid Agricultural Spray Mixtures
E1518-05(2019) Standard Practice for Evaluation of Physical Compatibility of Pesticides in Aqueous Tank Mixtures by the Dynamic Shaker Method
E642-19 Standard Practice for Determining Application Rates and Distribution Patterns from Aerial Application Equipment
E2798-19 Standard Test Method for Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application
E1521-19 Standard Test Method for Liquid Holding Capacity of Granular Carriers
E2043-99(2021) Standard Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter of Agricultural Adjuvant Solutions by Thermogravimetry
E726-01(2021) Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
E2316-14(2019)e1 Standard Test Method for Determination of Particles Resulting from the Attrition of Granular Pesticides
E728-91(2020) Standard Test Method for Resistance to Attrition of Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
E727/E727M-08(2020) Standard Test Methods for Determining Bulk Density of Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
E2945-14(2021) Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability Cells
E641-21 Standard Methods for Testing Hydraulic Spray Nozzles Used in Agriculture
E725-96(2021) Standard Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides
E1945-21 Standard Test Method for Percent Dispersibility
E1673-21 Standard Test Method for Percent Suspensibility
E2686-09(2021) Standard Test Method for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Solvents Absorbed/Adsorbed By Simulated Soil Impacted by Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Applications
E1102-91(2022) Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Chemical Application
E549-87(2022) Standard Guide for Preparing Field Sprayer Calibration Procedures
E609-23 Standard Terminology Relating to Pesticides
E1520-23 Standard Test Method for Particle Counts Per Pound of Granular Carriers and Dry-Applied Granular Formulations
E2408-04(2023) Standard Test Method for Relative Extensional Viscosity of Agricultural Spray Tank Mixes
E1519-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants
E550-24 Standard Guide for Preparing Granular Pesticide Ground Applicator Calibration Procedures
E1116-24 Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
Removal
F2709-19 Standard Test Method for Determining a Measured Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems
F631-15(2020) Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Controlled Environments
F1778-97(2020) Standard Guide for Selection of Skimmers for Oil-Spill Response
F933-85(1994)e1 Guide for Evaluation of Oil Water Separation Systems for Spilled Oil Recovery Applications (Withdrawn 2001)
F1084-08(2024) Standard Guide for Sampling Oil/Water Mixtures for Oil Spill Recovery Equipment
F1607-95(2024) Standard Guide for Reporting of Test Performance Data for Oil Spill Response Pumps
F1780-18(2024) Standard Guide for Estimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness
F2008-00(2024) Standard Guide for Qualitative Observations of Skimmer Performance
F3350-18(2024) Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Ice Conditions
F3724-24 Standard Guide for Testing Advancing Skimming Systems
Shoreline and Inland Countermeasures
F1686-22 Standard Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess Oiling Conditions
F1687-22 Standard Guide for Terminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions on Shorelines and Other Terrain
F2204/F2204M-22 Standard Guide for Describing Shoreline and Inland Response Techniques
F2464-22 Standard Guide for Cleaning of Various Oiled Shorelines and Habitats
Surveillance and Tracking
F3045-21 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
F2327-21 Standard Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
F2534-17(2022) Standard Guide for Visually Estimating Oil Spill Thickness on Water
F2926-18(2022) Standard Guide for Selection and Operation of Vessel-mounted Camera Systems
F2067-22 Standard Practice for Development and Use of Oil-Spill Trajectory Models
F3633-23 Standard Guide for Measuring the Adhesion of Crude Oils and Fuel Oils
F3634-23 Standard Guide for Preparing Weathered Samples of Oil Using a Rotary Evaporator
F3337-23 Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil
F1779-24 Standard Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water from Aircraft
Treatment
F1693-21 Standard Guide for Consideration of Bioremediation as an Oil Spill Response Method on Land
F1008-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Salt Marshes (Withdrawn 2001)
F1010-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Bird Habitats (Withdrawn October 2001)
F1872-21 Standard Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Environmental and Operational Considerations
F3251-21 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Baffled Flask
F2059-21 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask
F1280-19 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Surface Washing Agents: Impermeable Surfaces
F1279-19 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Restriction of the Use of Surface Washing Agents: Permeable Land Surfaces
F1460/F1460M-18(2022) Standard Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment Boom and Nozzle Systems
F1413/F1413M-18(2022) Standard Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Boom and Nozzle Systems
F2205-22 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: Tropical Environments
F972-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Nearshore Subtidal (Withdrawn 2001)
F990-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Sandy Beaches (Withdrawn 2001)
F973-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: Tidal Flats (Withdrawn 2001)
F999-86(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Gravel or Cobble Beaches (Withdrawn 2001)
F930-85(1993)e1 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response-Rocky Shores (Withdrawn 2001)
F1737/F1737M-23 Standard Guide for Use of Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment During Spill Response: Boom and Nozzle Systems
F1738-23 Standard Test Method for Determination of Deposition of Aerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants
F1209-23 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Ponds and Sloughs
F1210-23 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies
F1231-23 Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Rivers and Creeks
F2532-19(2024) Standard Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit of Dispersant Use
F2465/F2465M-24 Standard Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Single-point Spray Systems