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ASTM E3184-24
Standard Digital Reference Images for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
Standard Digital Reference Images for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
E3184-24
ASTM|E3184-24|en-US
Standard Digital Reference Images for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
Standard
E3184 Standard Digital Reference Images for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings>
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Significance and Use
4.1 Reference images for high-strength copper-base and nickel-copper alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting discontinuities and corresponding image indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
4.2 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.
4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.
4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference images also apply to related government and commercial material specifications:
| Alloys | ASTM SpecificationA |
| Aluminum Bronze | B148 |
| Nickel-Aluminum Bronze | B148 |
| Copper-Nickel | B369 |
| Manganese Bronze | B584 |
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| Alloys | Government SpecificationA |
| Manganese-Nickel-Aluminum Bronze | MIL-B-21230A – Alloy No. 2 |
| Nickel-Copper | MIL-B-21230A – Alloy No. 2 |
(A) See Section 2 for the complete title(s) of these specification(s).
Scope
1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings. The digital reference images are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed (see 2.4). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2.
Note 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.
1.2 These reference images consist of forty-five 5 in. by 7 in. (127 mm by 178 mm) nominal size reproductions (twenty made from 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings exposed with low voltage X rays for thicknesses up to and including 2 in.) and twenty-five made from 3 in. (76 mm) plate castings exposed with 2 MV X rays or Cobalt 60 isotope for thicknesses greater than 2 in. up to and including 6 in. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each discontinuity category is for comparison only with production digital images produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range addressed by the category. These digital reference images illustrate discontinuities in sand-cast manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze-alloy plates and are representative of those found in narrow freezing range (formerly “high shrinkage”) high-strength copper and nickel-copper alloys. The categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard are shown in 1.2.1 – 1.2.3 (see Note 2):
1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
1.2.1.1 AX—Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness.
1.2.1.2 AG—Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) in thickness.
1.2.2 Category B—Inclusions; 2 types:
1.2.2.1 Ba—Sand inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
(1) BaX—Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness.
(2) BaG—Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) in thickness.
1.2.2.2 Bb—Dross inclusions, severity levels 1 through 5 for two thickness ranges.
(1) BbX—Up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness.
(2) BbG—Greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) in thickness.
1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 3 types:
1.2.3.1 Ca—Linear shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) in thickness.
1.2.3.2 Cb—Feathery shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for section thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness.
1.2.3.3 Cc—Spongy shrinkage, severity levels 1 through 5 for greater than 2 in. (50.8 mm) up to and including 6 in. (152.4 mm) in thickness.
Note 2: Discontinuity classes designated with a subscript “X” were produced with low energy X-ray radiation; discontinuity classes designated with subscript “G” were produced with Cobalt 60 or 2 MV X rays, or both. Section 4 details the significance and use of these digital reference images.
1.3 All areas of this standard may be subject to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of high-strength copper-base, nickel-copper, and related alloy castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E272.
1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production examination. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes (see Note 3).
Note 3: The digital reference images consist of 28 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 45 reference images illustrate three categories of graded discontinuities (1.2.1 (Gas porosity), 1.2.2 (Inclusions), and 1.2.3 (Shrinkage)) and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE3184.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.