Physical Testing Standards and Mechanical Testing Standards

ASTM's physical and mechanical testing standards provide guides for the proper procedures employed in the determination of the physical, mechanical, and metallographic properties of certain materials, particularly metals and alloys. Using test methods such as scanning electron microscopy, hole-drilling strain-gage method, semiautomatic and automatic image analysis, and X-ray diffraction, parameters like elastic moduli, impact strength, ductility, hardness, residual stress, and grain size are measured. These physical and mechanical testing standards allow metallurgical laboratories, manufacturers, and other producers and users of metals and alloys to examine and evaluate such materials for strength and quality to ensure safety towards their end-use.

Designation	Title
E4 - 21	Standard Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E74 - 18e1	Standard Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
E83 - 16	Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E251 - 20a	Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E1012 - 19	Standard Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application
E1237 - 20	Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E1319 - 21	Standard Guide for High-Temperature Static Strain Measurement
E1561 - 20	Standard Practice for Analysis of Strain Gage Rosette Data
E1949 - 21	Standard Test Method for Ambient Temperature Fatigue Life of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
E2309 / E2309M - 20	Standard Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
E2428 - 15a	Standard Practice for Calibration and Verification of Torque Transducers
E2624 - 17	Standard Practice for Torque Calibration of Testing Machines
E2658 - 15	Standard Practices for Verification of Speed for Material Testing Machines

Designation	Title
E190 - 21	Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds
E290 - 14	Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility
E517 - 19	Standard Test Method for Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet Metal
E643 - 15	Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material
E646 - 16	Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (n -Values) of Metallic Sheet Materials
E855 - 21	Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Metallic Flat Materials for Spring Applications Involving Static Loading
E2218 - 15	Standard Test Method for Determining Forming Limit Curves
E2448 - 18	Standard Test Method for Determining the Superplastic Properties of Metallic Sheet Materials
E2712 - 15	Standard Test Methods for Bulge-Forming Superplastic Metallic Sheet

Designation	Title
E112 - 13	Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
E930 - 18	Standard Test Methods for Estimating the Largest Grain Observed in a Metallographic Section (ALA Grain Size)
E1181 - 02(2015)	Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes

Designation	Title
E23 - 18	Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
E208 - 20	Standard Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels
E604 - 18	Standard Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic Materials
E2248 - 18	Standard Test Method for Impact Testing of Miniaturized Charpy V-notch Specimens
E2298 - 18	Standard Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of Metallic Materials

Designation	Title
E45 - 18a	Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
E2283 - 08(2019)	Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

Designation	Title
E10 - 18	Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 - 20	Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E92 - 17	Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials
E103 - 17	Standard Practice for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
E110 - 14	Standard Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers
E140 - 12B(2019)e1	Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
E2546 - 15	Standard Practice for Instrumented Indentation Testing
E3246 - 21	Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

Designation	Title
E883 - 11(2017)	Standard Guide for Reflected–Light Photomicrography
E1951 - 14(2019)	Standard Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Microscope Magnifications

Designation	Title
E562 - 19e1	Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
E1077 - 14(2021)	Standard Test Methods for Estimating the Depth of Decarburization of Steel Specimens
E1245 - 03(2016)	Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
E1268 - 19	Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures
E1382 - 97(2015)	Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
E2109 - 01(2014)	Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
E2567 - 16a	Standard Test Method for Determining Nodularity And Nodule Count In Ductile Iron Using Image Analysis

Designation	Title
E837 - 20	Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
E915 - 19	Standard Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instrumentation for Residual Stress Measurement
E1426 - 14(2019)e1	Standard Test Method for Determining the X-Ray Elastic Constants for Use in the Measurement of Residual Stress Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
E1685 - 20	Standard Practice for Measuring the Change in Length of Bolts Using the Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique
E1928 - 13(2019)	Standard Practice for Estimating the Approximate Residual Circumferential Stress in Straight Thin-walled Tubing
E2860 - 20	Standard Test Method for Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction for Bearing Steels

Designation	Title
E3 - 11(2017)	Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E340 - 15	Standard Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
E381 - 20	Standard Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets, Blooms, and Forgings
E407 - 07(2015)e1	Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
E768 - 99(2018)	Standard Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
E1180 - 08(2021)	Standard Practice for Preparing Sulfur Prints for Macrostructural Evaluation
E1351 - 01(2020)	Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas
E1558 - 09(2014)	Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic Specimens
E1920 - 03(2014)	Standard Guide for Metallographic Preparation of Thermal Sprayed Coatings
E2014 - 17	Standard Guide on Metallographic Laboratory Safety
E2015 - 04(2014)	Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastics and Polymeric Specimens for Microstructural Examination

Designation	Title
E8 / E8M - 21	Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E9 - 19	Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E21 - 20	Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E111 - 17	Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
E132 - 17	Standard Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
E139 - 11(2018)	Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
E143 - 20	Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
E209 - 18	Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates
E238 - 17a	Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
E292 - 18	Standard Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials
E328 - 21	Standard Test Methods for Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures
E345 - 16	Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
E633 - 21	Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Elevated-Temperature Mechanical Testing
E1450 - 16	Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Structural Alloys in Liquid Helium
E1875 - 20a	Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Sonic Resonance
E1876 - 15	Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

Designation	Title
E81 - 96(2017)	Standard Test Method for Preparing Quantitative Pole Figures
E82 / E82M - 14(2019)	Standard Test Method for Determining the Orientation of a Metal Crystal
E766 - 14(2019)	Standard Practice for Calibrating the Magnification of a Scanning Electron Microscope
E975 - 13	Standard Practice for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation
E986 - 04(2017)	Standard Practice for Scanning Electron Microscope Beam Size Characterization
E1508 - 12a(2019)	Standard Guide for Quantitative Analysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
E2142 - 08(2015)	Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope
E2627 - 13(2019)	Standard Practice for Determining Average Grain Size Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Fully Recrystallized Polycrystalline Materials

Physical Testing Standards and Mechanical Testing Standards

List of physical testing standards and mechanical testing standards developed by ASTM:

Automated Testing

Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus

Ductility and Formability

Grain Size

Impact Testing

Inclusions

Indentation Hardness Testing

Light Microscopy

Microindentation Hardness Testing

Quantitative Metallography

Residual Stress Measurement

Specimen Preparation

Terminology

Terminology

Uniaxial Testing

X-Ray and Electron Metallography

Other standards developed by ASTM committees: