A1.1The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM test methods. Headings are those most generally used but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identified as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development, in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, specific hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards shall be followed.

A1.2Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place, depending on their relation to the sections listed in A1.1. When a standard includes several test methods, repetition of appropriate headings may be desirable.

A1.3Subject headings in boldface type shall precede each section to orient the reader. Text divisions shall be subdivided in accordance with the Use of the Modified Decimal Numbering System guide in Part D of this publication.

A1.4For convenience in application and when economy in printing may result, test methods may include a series of procedures for determining the same or different properties of a given material. In such test methods, include at the beginning of the standard individual sections describing those features that are common to all of the separate test methods. Identify different methods within the standard by capital letters, starting with A; i.e., Test Method A, Test Method B, etc.

A1.5Examples of test methods for single determination:

A1.6Examples of test methods covering a series of test methods:

A1.7In deciding whether to describe similar test methods as portions of a single standard or as separate test methods, the following criterion may be found useful: When the descriptions of the apparatus and procedure are similar and a significant economy in printing can be accomplished by combining, and if, because of clearly understood distinctions in applicability, no confusion can rise as to which test method should be used, then it is desirable to treat the test methods as parts of a single standard. If confusion could arise, the test methods should be published separately. If one test method is preferred as a referee method, it should be so designated, in which case the other test methods should be designated as optional or nonreferee. When test methods are published separately, a worthwhile saving can be accomplished by making cross-references from one test method to another for the apparatus and detailed description of the procedure.

A2.1The title should be concise but complete enough to identify the nature of the test, the material to which it is applicable, and to distinguish it from other similar titles. Titles of analogous standards should be identical, except for the distinctive feature(s) of each standard. Titles are used frequently in lists, tables of contents, indexes, tabulating card systems, etc., and therefore should be brief but inclusive. Select words that easily lend themselves to indexing. The essential features of a title are the particular property or constituent being determined, the material to which the test method is applicable, and when pertinent, the technique or instrumentation. If the test method is designated to determine a number of constituents or properties, use a general title, omitting the names of specific constituents or properties. When a standard includes a number of individual test methods for different constituents or properties, the title need indicate only the general nature of the tests and the material to which it is applicable.

A3.1Designation (mandatory)—The ASTM designation, assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval, consists of the following sequential parts:

A3.2Year Date: (for example, Specification C150-01).

A3.3The designation numbers of standards that have been discontinued are not reassigned.

A3.4SI Standards (see Part H and Section G24.)

A4.1A separate section covering general introductory or informational material is not generally used in ASTM test methods. Occasionally, a test method is of such a nature that it requires an explanatory statement for proper understanding by the user. In such instances an introduction should be included immediately after the title of the test method but without a section number.

A4.2Examples of test methods that include introductions are as follows:

A5.1Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the test method. State if the method is quantitative or qualitative, and any known limitations. Concisely state the property or constituent that is being determined and the materials that can be analyzed. State the range of concentrations/values determined.

A5.2Include, where applicable, the analytical technique, for example, gas chromatography, and whether the test is performed in the laboratory, field, or on-line.

A5.3Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions.

A5.4Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as the caveats on safety hazards (see F2.1) and fire hazards (see F2.2).

A5.5For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement:

A6.1List in alphanumeric sequence the designation and complete title of the following documents referenced within the standard; ASTM standards and adjuncts; and standards and codes of other organizations. For references to all other documents, including ASTM STPs, use the format indicated in Section G21.

A6.2Provide footnotes to this section to indicate the sources of these documents. When ASTM standards are referenced later in the text, use only the type of standard (that is, specification, test method, practice, classification, guide, terminology, etc.) and the designation letter and number (for example, Test Method D1310).

A6.3Do not include the year date when designating referenced documents unless there is a technical reason for requiring a particular revision.

A6.4When listing referenced adjuncts, provide a brief description in this section, and a footnote of the availability. (For more specific information on adjuncts, refer to Section A28).

A7.1Every standard should include a section on terminology. See Part E for information on Form and Style for terminology sections.

A8.1Include here a brief outline of the test method, describing in the passive voice its essential features without the details that are a necessary part of the complete statement of procedure. If desired, a brief statement of the principle of the test method may be given; this is particularly desirable in the case of chemical methods and should appear as the first paragraph. In chemical methods state the type of procedure, such as colorimetric, electrometric, and volumetric, and describe the source of color, major chemical reaction including pertinent chemical equations, etc.

A9.1Include in this section information that explains the relevance and meaning of the test. State the practical uses for the test and how it is typically employed. Avoid repetition of information included in the Scope (see Section A5). Include statements to provide the user with comprehensive understanding of the following:

A9.2Include any discretion needed in the interpretation of the results of the test.

A9.3Include, where applicable, comparisons of the test to other similar procedures.

A10.1If the successful application of the test method requires the inclusion of explanatory statements on interference effects, include such information here; otherwise, omit this section. List briefly the constituents or properties that are likely to cause interference and the amounts that are known to interfere. In some cases this information is obtainable only by observation during the performance of the test. If the presence of an interfering factor affects the precision or bias of the test results and compensations are made in the calculations (Section A19), this should be explained in this section and noted in the appropriate section. In some cases, interferences may be a major factor in judging test results and explanations of their effects may become lengthy. Lengthy explanations may be placed in an annex to the standard.

A11.1In this section, include a brief description of the essential features of the apparatus and equipment required for the test, and, where they clarify or supplement the text, schematic drawings or photographs. Cover in separate text divisions the important features and requirements for the apparatus. Do not list common laboratory apparatus, such as flasks and beakers, but include any especially modified forms or unusual sizes of common apparatus that are required or that may require special preparation.

A11.2Trademarks shall not be used unless a specific manufacturer’s product is required for a well-defined reason (see Section F3 for regulations regarding patents in ASTM standards). In such cases an explanatory footnote shall be included giving supplementary information regarding such apparatus or material. The footnote shall state that this apparatus or material “has been found satisfactory for this purpose.” When special types of glassware are required, such as heat-resistant and chemical-resistant, state the significant characteristic desired rather than a trademark. For example, use “borosilicate glass” rather than “Pyrex” or “Kimax.” Specify filter paper by describing the significant characteristic such as porosity, rate of filtering, and ash content, or by reference to ASTM Specification E832, for Laboratory Filter Papers.

A11.3Detailed manufacturing requirements for apparatus, unless quite brief, should preferably be placed in an annex to the test method (see A24.3), retaining in the text only a brief outline with schematic drawings or illustrations where necessary. The purpose of this outline is to provide information regarding the essential features of the apparatus, to enable the user to assemble the equipment and understand its use in the test method.

A11.4When essentially the same apparatus is used for more than one standard and the description of the apparatus requirements is lengthy, it is recommended that the complete specifications for the apparatus be included in an annex to one standard and merely a reference be made to them in the other standard, mentioning under “Apparatus” only such modifications as may apply in each particular case.

A11.5When the same apparatus is used in several standards, the detailed specifications should be covered by a separate ASTM standard. Examples of such standards are:

A11.6It is the responsibility of the sponsoring committee to assure itself that suitable apparatus is available (see Section F4).

A12.1When more than one procedure is included in one standard, list the reagents and materials required for each procedure as a separate section under each subdivision.

A12.2It is recommended that, where applicable, the following be included as secondary sections “.1” and “.2” of this section:

A12.3List the reagents alphabetically in separate divisions. Give the name of the reagent first, followed by any descriptive terms (see A12.7). State the desired concentration if significant; then follow with instructions for preparation and standardization (if required), using the imperative mood and concise descriptions. Spell out the full name of the reagent, and immediately after the first mention of the name include within parentheses the exact chemical formula of the reagent showing any water of crystallization, etc. Exception to this may be made in the case of organic, organometallic, or complex inorganic compounds by omitting the chemical formula. Subsequent references to compounds shall be by formula only where they can be clearly specified by this means, as in the case of most inorganic compounds. As exceptions, always spell out the word “water” and the names of substances in their elementary state; for example, use lead, not Pb; oxygen, not O₂. If the reagent is to be used as purchased, and not diluted, dissolved, or purified, state the chemical formula as given by the manufacturer.

A12.4Do not use trademarks unless a specific manufacturer’s product is required for a well-defined reason. (See Section F4.) In this case, use a superior reference number to refer to a footnote giving the required information, incorporating the phrase “has been found satisfactory for this purpose.” Where particular reagents are required only for standardization or calibration, identify them by reference to an appropriate footnote such as “This reagent is used for standardization purposes only.”

A12.5Specify the reagent concentration in applicable terms, as follows:

A12.6Wherever possible, use the same concentrations of reagents and methods of standardization as used in other similar ASTM test methods.

A12.7Examples of reagent descriptions are as follows:

A13.1Safety Hazards—Paragraph F2.1 specifies the generic safety hazards caveat and the types of standards in which it shall be used. Other statements on safety are subject to the following policies.

A14.1Under this heading give necessary special directions, in the imperative mood, for physically obtaining sample test units. If a test result is defined as a combination of the observations made on different test specimens, particularly describe how these specimens are to be selected. Give necessary special directions for storage of specimens, for preservation of specimens, and for special preparation of specimens for the test.

A14.2Statistical aspects of sampling for a specific purpose, for example, in determining conformance of the mean properties of a lot to specifications, should be referenced or discussed in an appendix. These statistical aspects might include stratification, selection of primary and secondary sampling units, the number of such units to be selected, in the case of bulk material the number of increments combined to form a composite sample, the number of composites to be formed, the method of subsampling a composite, and the number of tests made on a subsample.

A14.3If the method of sampling is described in an existing ASTM test method or ASTM specification, refer to that test method or specification by designation.

A14.4If the method of sampling is detailed in a readily available publication other than an existing ASTM standard, refer to the publication in a footnote, arranging the information in accordance with the suggestions presented in the Standards Style Manual, Part G, of this publication.

A14.5Where an existing sampling method (other than ASTM) is cited in a test method, guidelines should be given as to the use of the sampling scheme and precautions if needed. If explanatory documents regarding sampling are available, these should be cited in this section.

A14.6A test unit is a unit or portion of a material that is sufficient to obtain a test result(s) for the property or properties to be measured. A test specimen is a test unit or portion of a test unit upon which a single or multiple observation is to be made. A test result refers to the value obtained for a given property from one test unit. A test unit may be a subunit of a primary (first stage) sampling unit or it may be a subunit of a composite of primary sampling units or of increments from these primary sampling units. A test result may be a single observation or a combination of a number of observations when two or more test specimens are measured for each test unit. (For additional information see Section G23.)

A14.7The size of the test unit for chemical analysis usually is given in the “Procedure” section, but if significant in connection with pretreatment or preparation, it should be included here. When a test specimen is specified by mass, indicate the degree of precision desired.

A14.8Include detailed requirements as to the size and number of test specimens to be used for both physical and chemical tests. Where a test specimen or test unit of a particular shape is required, the essential dimensions shall be specified, including tolerance. A drawing showing the details of the specimen or test unit may be included.

A15.1Use this section only when detailed instructions are required for the initial assembly, conditioning, or preparation of the apparatus (see also A24.3.6).

A16.1Apparatus—Give detailed instructions, in the imperative mood, for calibration and adjustment of the apparatus necessary for the use of the test method.

A16.2Reference Standards and Blanks—Give detailed instructions for the standardization and use of reference standards and blanks used in the test method. Describe any standard samples used to assure uniformity of the test technique, and standard specimens or photographic standards.

A16.3Calibration Curves and Tables—Give detailed instructions for the preparation and use of calibration curves or tables, in accordance with the suggestions presented in the Standards Style Manual, Part G, of this publication. Include in the instructions for curve or table preparation items such as calibration, solutions, reference standards, blanks, color development, photometry, and construction.

A17.1Specify, in the imperative mood, the conditioning atmosphere to be used and the time of exposure to the atmosphere, as well as the atmosphere required during the test, where necessary. State whether the conditioning requirements apply to laboratory samples as well as individual specimens. Indicate any requirements for preconditioning. Where applicable, refer to ASTM Terminology E41, Terms Relating to Conditioning, and to ASTM Practice E171/E171M, for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging.

A18.1Include in proper sequence detailed directions for performing the test. Describe the procedure in the imperative mood, present tense; for example: “Heat the test specimen ...” rather than “The test specimen shall be heated ...” State the number of samples to be taken, and also state the number of specimens to be tested from each sample. Describe in detail the successive steps of the procedure, grouping related operations into logical divisions. Subheadings may be used if they will help the organization of the material. Make the text of the procedure concise, to the point, and easily understandable. When alternative procedures are given, state their relative status; that is, which is the preferred or referee procedure.

A18.2In chemical methods, specify the size of test specimen and indicate the degree of precision desired in the weighing. Consider the specimen size and its accuracy of weighing in connection with the ultimate use of the method. If the formula for a reagent has been given previously in accordance with the instructions given in A12.3, refer to the reagent by chemical formula only or name, whichever is less confusing. Otherwise, spell out the name of the reagent. The procedure shall provide for any operations necessary to obtain any correction data that may be needed.

A19.1Calculation—State the directions in the imperative mood for calculating the results of test(s) including any equations and any required significant figures (see also Section G16 and ASTM Practice E29 for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications.) See Form and Style, G16.5. If necessary for clarity, a typical calculation should be included in an explanatory note.

A19.2Interpretation of Results—Use this heading in place of “Calculation” when the results of the test are expressed in descriptive form, relative terms, or abstract values. List and define the descriptive terms or classifications used. The results of a test may be interpreted or expressed in terms of a rating scale. There is fairly wide agreement on five-step scales for many values or rankings of merit, with 5-good, 3-middle, 1-bad. In general, a higher score for more of a desirable property is the more satisfactory arrangement. This eliminates confusion arising from No. 1 in rank for the most of a quantity, without regard to the relative desirability.

A20.1State in this section the detailed information required in reporting the results of the test. When two or more procedures are described in a test method, the report shall indicate which procedure was used. When the test method permits variation in operating or other conditions, incorporate in the report a statement as to the particular conditions used in the test. As an aid in the calculation and uniform recording of test results a standard report form or work sheet may be used, and if desirable a facsimile of the form may be included in the test method. Introduce the section as follows: “Report the following information:”

A21.1 Definitions and Additional Information:

A21.2Statement of Precision (Mandatory):

A21.3 Statement on Bias (Mandatory):

A21.4 General Considerations:

A21.5 Exceptions:

A22.1Measurement uncertainty is an estimate of the magnitude of systematic and random measurement errors that may be reported along with the measurement result. An uncertainty statement relates to a particular result obtained in a laboratory carrying out the test method, as opposed to precision and bias statements which are mandatory parts of the method itself and normally derived from an interlaboratory study conducted during development of the test method.

A22.2It is neither appropriate for, nor the responsibility of, the test method to provide explicit values that a user would quote as their estimate of uncertainty. Uncertainty values must be based on data generated by a laboratory reporting results using the test method.

A22.3In this section include guidance for developing estimates of uncertainty to be reported with test results. Suggestions should be considered for studies to perform, listings of the potential major contributing factors to uncertainty, descriptions of how the variation due to each factor might be evaluated, and examples of how they might be combined. Information of this type is particularly useful to users of the test method seeking laboratory accreditation. Information on measurement uncertainty may be placed in an appendix if it is for information only.

A22.4For additional guidance refer to Guide E1488.

A23.1In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases, that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index.

A23.2Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the specific application(s) that will facilitate the identification and retrieval of the standard.

A23.3All selected keywords shall be stand-alone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used.

A24.1Additional information may be included in one or more annexes and appendixes to the test method.

A24.2The words “Mandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of annexes and the words “Nonmandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of appendixes.

A24.3Annexes—Include in annexes any detailed information such as that on apparatus or materials that is a mandatory part of the test method but too lengthy for inclusion in the main text. Annexes shall precede appendixes. Examples of such information are as follows:

A24.4Appendixes—An appendix to an ASTM standard is informative only and is not a mandatory part of the standard. Information on the following general subjects has been included in such appendixes:

A25.1Include only references to publications supporting or providing needed supplementary information. Historical and acknowledgment references are not desirable. If there are five or more references, list them in an unnumbered section at the end of the standard in the order in which they appear in the text. If there are fewer than five literature references, use footnotes (see Section G21).

A26.1General—Footnotes referenced in the text are intended only for reference and shall never include any information or instructions necessary for the proper application of the method. Table footnotes are a part of the table. Use consecutive superior numerals for reference to footnotes except in connection with tables, in which case use italic capital letters.

A26.2Committee Jurisdiction and History—Footnote 1 shall include in the first paragraph the committee having jurisdiction and, where the committee so requests, the subcommittee. The second paragraph shall include history information as follows: (1) approval date of latest revision, (2) month and year of publication, (3) designation and year of original issue, (4) designation and year of previous issue, and (5) information as to any other standards that may have been replaced by the standard, year of redesignation, etc.

A26.3Literature References—Use footnotes for references if there are fewer than five. For five or more see Section A25, observing the limitations noted therein. Also see Section G21.

A26.4Sources of Apparatus—Where apparatus may be special or not readily available from more than one source, the source may be referenced. (However, see Section F4 for detailed rules.)

A26.5Research Reports—Reference in a footnote the availability of Research Reports (see Section A29).

A27.1Notes in the text shall not include mandatory requirements. Notes are intended to set explanatory material apart from the text itself, either for emphasis or for offering informative suggestions, which are not properly part of the standard. Clarification of the description of required apparatus or procedure and modifications required or permitted in certain cases belong in the text itself. If inclusion of the contents yields a different result, then that information is considered mandatory for the performance of the standard and shall be located in the text. Notes may be preferable for detailed description of auxiliary procedures (for example, correction of barometric pressure in a test method not primarily concerned with pressure). Table notes are a part of the table and are mandatory provisions.

A27.2Notes appearing in a given standard shall be numbered in sequence separately in the main text, separately in sequence in the annex, and separately in sequence in the appendix and should appear at the end of the paragraph to which they pertain. If it is desired to refer to a text note in connection with a specific word or phrase in the text, that word or phrase should be followed by a reference to the note, “(NOTE 1),” etc.

A27.3Notes in the text are preferred for the following:

A27.4Patent Disclaimer of Liability—See Section 15 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees This note, quoted in F3.2 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard. Refer questions regarding the applicability of this section to the Staff Manager of your committee.

A27.5General Statement of ASTM Policy—This note, quoted in F2.3 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standards after the note on Patent Disclaimer of Liability.

A28.1Occasionally, it is not practicable to publish as an integral part of the standard, because of its nature, material that may be required for use of the standard. Such material is published as an adjunct.

A28.2Include a description of the adjunct in the text of the standard. If appropriate, include a figure (illustration) of the adjunct.

A28.3When adjunct material is indicated, it shall be made available at the time of publication of the standard.

A28.4Include all referenced adjuncts in the Referenced Documents section (see Section A6).

A28.5Examples of adjuncts are as follows:

A29.1Where numerical data have been generated to establish the precision and bias of a test method, a research report is required. The research report shall include a list of participating laboratories, description of samples, a copy of the laboratory instructions, the equipment/apparatus used, the data, a statistical summary and a copy of the Precision and Bias Statement, where applicable. A guide for the research report is available at www.astm.org or from ASTM International Headquarters. The research report shall be placed on file at ASTM, provided ASTM holds copyright permissions. A number is assigned by ASTM and a copy may be obtained upon request. A footnote shall be placed in the standard stating where a copy of the research report may be obtained, giving the “RR” designation number (for equivalent information if not ASTM copyrighted material).

A30.1The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to provide traceability and clarification of past actions. This documentation may include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justification for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature.

A30.2If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard.

A30.3Examples of standards that include section on rationale:

A31.1If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph:

A31.2An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the first page:

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

A31.3Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix.

A31.4An example of the list of changes is:
(1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections.
(2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reflect the results of a recent interlaboratory study.
(3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2.
(4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking.

B1.1Specifications (see definition on p. iv) may have three functions and, although many specifications serve all three, it is well that those drafting specifications keep these functions in mind so that the primary purposes are not confused.

B1.2Open-End Agreements—There shall be no statements in specifications that allow agreement between purchaser and supplier that do not meet the minimum requirements of the specification by such means as omitting tests that are a part of the specification, substituting or modifying a test method, or by changing the specification limits to be less restrictive.

B2.1The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM specifications. Headings are those most generally used, but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identified as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development, in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, specific hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards shall be followed. Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings, which are included to cover specialized subjects, should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections below.

B2.2Subject headings in boldface type shall precede each section to orient the reader. Substitute text divisions and number in accordance with the Use of the Modified Decimal Numbering System guide in Part D of this publication.

B3.1The title should be as concise as possible, but complete enough to identify the material, product, system, or service covered by the specification. Titles are used in lists, table of contents, and indexes, and it is most important that they be brief but inclusive. Use the singular form: “specification.”

B4.1Designation (mandatory)—The ASTM designation, assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval, consists of the following sequential parts:

B4.2Year Date: (for example, Specification C150-01):

B4.3Designation numbers of standards that have been discontinued are not reassigned.

B4.4SI Standards (see Part H and Section G24).

B5.1Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the specification. Concisely state the materials, products, systems, or services to which the specification applies and any known limitations. Include, where applicable, the intended use of the specification. Do not include references to trademarks.

B5.2Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions.

B5.3Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as safety hazards (see F2.1) and fire hazards (see F2.2) if one or more test methods are detailed other than by reference.

B5.4For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement:

B6.1List in alphanumeric sequence the designation and complete title all documents referenced within the standard. Refer to Section A6 for further information.

B6.2Provide footnotes to this section to indicate the sources of these documents. When ASTM standards are referenced later in the text, use only the type of standard (that is, specification, test method, practice, classification, guide, terminology, etc.) and the designation letter and number (for example, Test Method D1310).

B6.3Do not include the year date when designating referenced documents unless there is a technical reason for requiring a particular revision.

B6.4When listing referenced adjuncts, provide a brief description in this section, and a footnote of the availability. (For more specific information on adjuncts, refer to Section B29).

B7.1Every standard should include a section on terminology. See Part E for information on Form and Style for terminology sections.

B8.1When more than one material, product, or system is specified, they may be separated first by types, which are distinguished by Roman numerals. This first subdivision shall be based upon some major property, composition, or application of the item. Designate further subdivision by grades according to some pertinent property or properties and identify by Arabic numbers. If necessary, make additional division into classes, identified by capital letters.

B8.2The precedence of type, grade, and class, as well as the method of designation, is the ASTM preferred style, and it shall be used in the absence of any established preference.

B8.3When a type, grade, or class has been deleted, do not use this designation again, to avoid confusion with earlier specifications. If new designations are used, they shall be of different format and preferably followed (for a limited time) by the previous designation in parentheses.

B9.1When the specification covers options for purchase, such as various types, grades, classes, alloys, sizes, and mass, the purchase order or inquiry should state which particular types, alloys, sizes are desired.

B9.2A listing of each such optional feature, together with a reference to the applicable section of the specification, will be of assistance in the wording of orders. After the attention of the purchaser is directed to all of the options in the specification, his attention might be directed to what would be furnished by the supplier if the purchaser fails to specify one or more of the options.

B9.3It is recommended that this section be included in all specifications as a checklist of items to be included in a purchase order or contract. If this list contains any ASTM designation (including referenced documents), it is desirable to specify “year date(s)” to avoid misunderstandings between contractual parties.

B9.4When citing a combined standard, indicate the system of units to be applied. For example:

B10.1General requirements regarding the materials and method of manufacture to be used may be included when deemed helpful to the user of the standard, such as the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen bessemer processes generally specified for steel products. When the material, product, or system specified is made from two or more materials or products, this section should state briefly the general requirements of the materials or products to be used and the process to be followed in manufacture, including items such as the nature and character of any alloys, fillers, saturants, antioxidants, coatings, and plasticizers.

B11.1When necessary, detailed requirements shall be given as to chemical composition and other chemical characteristics for the material, product, or system. Frequently these are presented in tabular form. It is most important that the following information be clearly indicated: (1) name of each constituent specified, (2) whether the requirement is a maximum, minimum, or range, (3) whether an allowance for measurement error is incorporated in these limits, (4) the units applicable, (5) references to notes or footnotes when necessary for further clarification, and (6) appropriate analytical methodology.

B11.2The sequence of items specified shall be consistent within a related group of specifications.

B11.3The preferred introduction for this section is: “The material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.”

B11.4Limits on Nonspecified Elements—It is suggested that the following statement be added to tables of chemical requirements as applicable to replace the requirements and statements presently being used regarding nonspecified elements: “By agreement between purchaser and supplier, analysis may be required and limits established for elements or compounds not specified in the table of chemical composition” (see also Section B24).

B12.1When necessary, detailed requirements should be given as to characteristics to which the material, product, or system shall conform. Frequently these are presented in tabular form. It is most important that the following information be clearly indicated: (1) name of each property or requirements, (2) whether the requirement is a maximum, minimum, or range, (3) whether an allowance for measurement error is incorporated in these limits, (4) the units applicable, (5) references to notes or footnotes when necessary for further clarification, and (6) appropriate test methodology.

B12.2Physical Properties—Present the requirements for electrical, thermal, optical, and similar properties in this section, usually in tabular form.

B12.3Mechanical Properties—Present the requirements for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and similar properties in this section.

B12.4Performance Requirements—Include functional, environmental, and similar requirements in this section when necessary.

B12.5Other Requirements—Include additional requirements as needed.

B12.6In preparing a specification it is essential to make sure that there is a test procedure for determining conformance for each requirement. These shall be listed in the specification (see Section B18).

B12.7When it is not feasible to tabular the requirements, separate text division may be used to specify the various requirements. These shall be given appropriate headings consistent with the subject matter included.

B13.1Details as to the standard shapes, mass, and size ranges usually are presented best in tabular form with brief reference in the text. Separate sections may be necessary with individual tables. The tables shall clearly indicate where the various size ranges are divided; for example, ranges from 0 to 250 mm, 250 to 500 mm, 500 to 750 mm shall be more properly stated as 250 mm and under, over 250 to 500 mm, inclusive; over 500 to 750 mm, inclusive, etc.

B13.2The permissible variations in dimensions, mass, etc., may be included in the same tables with the nominal sizes. It shall be made clear whether the tolerances specified are both plus and minus or apply in only one direction.

B14.1Requirements covering the workmanship and finish include such general requirements as the type of finish and general appearance or color, uniform quality and tempers (for metals), and whether the item is clean, sound, free of scale and injurious defects. To avoid misunderstanding, these should be spelled out clearly. Provisions for removal or repair of minor surface imperfections that are not considered cause for rejection should be stated.

B14.2For products such as pipe and tile it is usually customary to specify absence of defects such as fractures, large or deep cracks, checks, blisters, laminations, and surface roughness. The finish and shape of the ends also should be specified.

B15.1If a specification applies to a unit of product or material such as a piece of cloth, a coil of wire, a section of plastic pipe, or a heat of steel, from which specimens are to be taken for testing, the procedure for obtaining these specimens shall be described.

B15.2If a specification pertains to individual units of a lot and sampling inspection is likely to be the normal procedure, it is desirable for the specification to reference or include in a supplementary section a sampling procedure for determining acceptability of the lot (see Section B25).

B15.3If a specification pertains to the mean of a lot, in particular to the mean of a lot of bulk material such as cement or pig iron, the procedure for sampling the lot or the formation of sample test units, or both, shall be described or referenced. The criterion for determining conformance of the lot shall be specifically stated.

B15.4If a specification applies to a lot of bulk material, state the number of increments required to create a sample test unit and the number of test units to be taken to determine conformance of the lot.

B15.5The minimum amount of material required to carry out conveniently all the tests in the specification should be indicated for the convenience of the user of the specification.

B16.1State the number of test units and the number of test specimens or subunits that are required to determine conformance of the material or product to the specifications. In the sampling of a lot of bulk material, state the size of the sample in terms of the number of primary (first stage) sampling units that is required to determine conformance to the specifications.

B16.2If a specification allows retesting in cases where the material or product fails to pass the specification, state the rules for the retesting and the conditions under which the retesting would be permitted.

B17.1Where special preparation is required, as for example in specifications for molding materials, this section shall be included.

B17.2Refer to a standard test method if possible.

B17.3If no standard test method exists, include sufficient detail in the specification to assure acceptable reproducibility of test results.

B17.4State that specimens are to be prepared in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer only if neither B17.2 nor B17.3 is feasible.

B18.1List standard test methods for measurement of all requirements of a specification. Refer to the ASTM test methods used in testing the material to determine conformance with the specification. This includes sampling, chemical analysis, mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and other testing procedures. When alternative procedures are given in test methods, it is important to state which particular procedure shall be used as the basis for the specification requirement.

B18.2When there is no ASTM test method specified for a particular quality or property of a specified material, describe the test procedure to be followed in detail in the specification, following the Form of ASTM Test Methods (Part A of this publication). Include all mandatory information listed in A1.1 (title, scope, significance and use, hazards, procedure, precision and bias).

B18.3Where a method of some other organization is being used and the committee has not approved the test as an ASTM test method, then it is preferable to describe the test in detail in the specification and to include a footnote reference to the original source. Appropriate copyright releases shall be obtained.

B18.4State all procedures in the imperative mood.

B19.1The following statement has been adopted by the Board of Directors to be used when there is a substantial disagreement between producers and users within a particular committee, resulting in a blockage of progress in the acceptance of new specifications or revisions to specifications:

B19.2Place any technical requirements on inspection such as sampling plan and physical or mechanical properties in other appropriate parts of the specification.

B20.1The following statement serves as a guide to ASTM committees when there is need for a section on rejection and rehearing:

B21.1A certification section may be included in the standard when in the judgment of the committee, technical considerations make this advisable. If a certification section is included, the certification shall include reference to the standard designation and year date.

B21.2The following are suggested statements:

B21.3Upon the request of the purchaser in the purchase order or contract, the certification of an independent third party indicating conformance to the requirements of this specification may be considered.

B22.1It is customary to specify the information to be marked on the material or included on the package, or on a label or tag attached thereto. Such information typically may include the name, brand, or trademark of the manufacturer, quantity, size, weight, ASTM designation, or any other information that may be desired for a specific material. If an ASTM standard is specified, indicate “ASTM” and the designation number (for example, ASTM F2063) on the marking, when possible.

B23.1When it is customary and desirable to package, box, crate, wrap, or otherwise protect the item during shipment and storage in accordance with a standard practice, it is customary to state the requirements.

B24.1In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index.

B24.2Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the specific application(s) that will facilitate the identification and retrieval of the standard.

B24.3All selected keywords shall be stand-alone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used.

B25.1For some standards supplementary requirements may be specified. These should not include statements that would allow the lowering of minimum requirements of the standard (see B1.2). Usually these apply only when specified by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract. A statement to this effect shall appear in the first paragraph of the Supplementary Requirements section. The following is a suggested statement relating to special requirements:

B25.2Supplementary requirements shall appear separately in a Supplementary Requirements section.

B25.3Quality Assurance—This requirement, if included, shall be qualified by the statement: “When specified in the purchase order or contract.” Reference to a suitable document, such as ASTM International, ANSI, MIL, etc., may be made by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.

B25.4 Qualification:

B26.1Additional information may be included in one or more annexes or appendixes to the specification.

B26.2The words “Mandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of annexes and the words “Nonmandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of appendixes.

B26.3Annexes—Include in annexes any detailed information such as that on apparatus or materials that is a mandatory part of the specification but too lengthy for inclusion in the main text. Annexes shall precede appendixes.

B26.4Appendixes—There are times when it is desirable to include in a specification additional information for general use and guidance, but which does not constitute a mandatory part of the specification. It is appropriate to include such informational material in appendixes. Examples of material that has been included in such appendixes are tables showing approximate relationship between tensile strength and hardness, list of preferred thickness of plate, sheet, and strip reproduced from other documents, tables of standard mass and standard sizes, information on typical applications of the material covered, and information on typical physical properties whose definite values are not prescribed in the specification.

B27.1Include only references to publications supporting or providing needed supplementary information. Historical and acknowledgment references are not recommended. If there are five or more references, list them in an unnumbered section at the end of the specification in the order in which they appear in the text. If there are fewer than five literature references, use footnotes (see Section G21).

B28.1General—Footnotes referenced in the text are intended only for reference and shall never include any information or instructions necessary for the proper application of the specification. Table footnotes are a part of the table. Use consecutive superior numerals for reference to footnotes except in connection with tables, in which case use italic capital letters.

B28.2Committee Jurisdiction and History—Footnote 1 shall include in the first paragraph the committee having jurisdiction and, where the committee so requests, the subcommittee. The second paragraph shall include history information as follows: (1) approval date of latest revision, (2) month and year of publication, (3) designation and year of original issue, (4) designation and year of previous issue, and (5) information as to the other standards that may have been replaced by the standard, year of redesignation, etc.

B28.3Literature References—Use footnotes for references if there are fewer than five. For five or more see Section B27, observing the limitations noted therein. Also see Section G21.

B28.4Sources of Apparatus—Where apparatus may be special or not readily available from more than one source, the source may be referenced. (However, see Section F4 for detailed rules.)

B28.5Research Reports—Reference in a footnote the availability of research reports (see Section B31).

B29.1Notes in the text shall not include mandatory requirements. Notes are intended to set explanatory material apart from the text itself, either for emphasis or for offering informative suggestions not properly part of the standard. Clarification of the description of required apparatus or procedure and modifications required or permitted in certain cases belong in the text itself. If inclusion of the contents yields a different result, then that information is considered mandatory for the performance of the standard and shall be located in the text. Notes may be preferable for detailed description of auxiliary procedures (for example, correction of barometric pressure in a test method not primarily concerned with pressure). Table notes are a part of the table and are mandatory provisions.

B29.2Notes appearing in a given standard shall be numbered in sequence and should appear at the end of the paragraph to which they pertain. If it is necessary to refer to a text note in connection with a specific word or phrase in the text, that word or phrase should be followed by a reference to the note, “NOTE 1”), etc.

B29.3Notes in the text are preferred for the following:

B29.4Patent Disclaimer of Liability—See Section 15 of theRegulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees This note, quoted in F3.2 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard. Questions regarding the applicability of this section should be referred to the Staff Manager of your committee.

B29.5General Statement of ASTM Policy—This note, quoted in F2.3 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard after the note on Patent Disclaimer of Liability.

B30.1Occasionally it is not practicable to publish as an integral part of the standard, because of its nature, material that may be required for use of the standard. Such material is published as an adjunct.

B30.2Include a description of the adjunct in the text of the standard. If appropriate, include a figure (illustration) of the adjunct.

B30.3When adjunct material is indicated, it shall be made available at the time of publication of the standard.

B30.4Include all referenced adjuncts in the Referenced Documents section (see Section A6).

B30.5Examples of adjuncts are as follows:

B31.1Research reports, which include historical or round-robin information, or other data, shall be sent to Headquarters, provided ASTM holds copyright permissions, where they are given a file number and may be obtained upon request. Such reports may be referenced in a footnote (see B28.5). If the specification contains a detailed test method, the requirements in Section A29 apply.

B32.1The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to provide traceability and clarification of past actions. This documentation might include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justification for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature.

B32.2If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard.

B32.3Examples of standards that include sections on rationale:

B33.1General—Part-numbering systems may be included in an ASTM specification. The part-numbering system shall be placed in the appendix, shall be called out “when specified” as a supplementary requirement, and shall be referenced to appropriately under either “product marking,” “packaging and package marking,” or both places.

B33.2 When Used for DOD Procurement:

B33.3 Criteria for Inclusion of Part Numbers:

B34.1If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph:

B34.2An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the first page:

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

B34.3Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix.

B34.4An example of the list of changes is:

1. (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections.

2. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reflect the results of a recent interlaboratory study.

3. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2.

4. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking.

Figure B1Part Numbering System Covering Standard Items Used by U.S. Government

C1.1“A classification is a systematic arrangement or division of materials, products, systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use.”¹

C1.2Classifications provide a time- and space-saving shorthand for specifying the above description.

C1.3Classifications may be defined by each committee differently because of the unique nature of that committee. A collection or grouping of definitions to one committee may be termed a classification while still another committee may group objects or properties in a classification.

C2.1The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM classifications. Headings are those most generally used but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identified as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development; in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, specific hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards (see Section A13) shall be followed. Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. The use of footnotes and notes shall follow Sections A26 and A27 respectively. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections below.

C3.1The title of a classification standard should be concise, but complete enough to identify the nature of the basis for classification, for specific materials, systems, services, and products.

C4.1The ASTM designation is assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval. Refer to Sections A3 or B4 for sequential parts of numbering.

C5.1Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the classification. Concisely state what characteristics have been classified and the materials, products, systems, or services to which the classification applies. Where applicable state any limitations to the use of the classification.

C5.2Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions.

C5.3Include, where applicable, comparisons of the classification to other similar classifications.

C6.1List here in alphanumeric sequence the designation number and complete title of all documents referenced within the classification. Refer to Section A6 for further information.

C7.1Every standard should include a section on terminology. See Part E for information on Form and Style for terminology sections.

C8.1Include in this section information relating to the relevance of the classification. State how the classification is used and who would typically use it.

C9.1The basis of classification is in fact the most important portion of the document. This heading sets up categories in which groupings are made. For example, ASTM Classification D388, of Coals by Rank (Vol 05.06) defines classification of higher rank coals according to fixed carbon on a dry basis while lower rank coals are classed according to caloric value on the moist basis.

C10.1Properties enumerated in a classification may be determined in accordance with specific test methods. These methods should be referenced in this portion of the document.

C10.2Because of variability resulting from sampling and a lack of satisfactory reproducibility, and in instances when the first test results do not conform to the requirements prescribed in this classification, then a retest option may be provided.

C11.1In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index.

C11.2Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the specific application(s) that will facilitate the identification and retrieval of the standard.

C11.3All selected keywords shall be stand-alone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used.

C12.1Supplementary information is provided herein to aid in understanding and using the standard.

C12.2Annexes (see A24.3).

C12.3Appendixes (see A24.4).

C13.1Examples of classifications are:

C14.1If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph:

C14.2Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included.

C14.3An example of the list of changes is:

1. (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections.

2. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reflect the results of a recent interlaboratory study.

3. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2.

4. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking.

C15.1A standard practice is an accepted procedure for the performance of one or more operations or functions. In certain cases practices may include one or more test methods necessary for full use of the practice. Examples of practices include selection, preparation, application, inspection, necessary precautions for use or disposal, installation, maintenance, and operation of testing apparatus.

C15.2A standard guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. Guides are intended to increase the awareness of information and approaches in a given subject area. Guides may propose a series of options or instructions that offer direction without recommending a definite course of action. The purpose of this type of standard is to offer guidance based on a consensus of viewpoints but not to establish a standard practice to follow in all cases.

C16.1The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM practices and guides. Headings are those most generally used but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identified as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development; in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, specific hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards (see Section A13) shall be followed. The use of footnotes and notes shall follow Sections A26 and A27 respectively.

C16.2Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections listed in C16.1.

C17.1The title should be concise but complete enough to identify the nature of the practice. It should identify the subject of application and should be distinguishable from similar titles (see A2.1 as it applies to titles of test methods).

C18.1The ASTM designation is assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval. Refer to Sections A3 and B4 for sequential parts of numbering.

C19.1Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the practice or guide and to what it applies. Clearly state any limitations of the practice or guide.

C19.2Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions.

C19.3Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as safety hazards (see F2.1) and fire hazards (see F2.2).

C19.4For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement:

C20.1List here in alphanumeric sequence the designation number and complete title of all documents referenced within the practice (or guide). Refer to Section A6 for further information.

C21.1Every standard should include a section on terminology. See Part E for information on Form and Style for terminology sections.

C22.1Include here a brief outline of the practice, describing its essential features without the details that are a necessary part of the complete statement of procedure and sequence. If desired, a brief statement of the principle of the practice may be given.

C23.1Include in this section information that explains the relevance and meaning of the practice (or guide). State the practical uses for the practice and how it is typically employed. Avoid repetition of information included in the Scope (see Section C19).

C23.2Include separately any appropriate comments on limitations of the practice. Indicate any means of recognizing cases where the practice may not be applicable.

C23.3Include, where applicable, comparisons of the practice (or guide) to other similar procedures.

C24.1See Section A12.

C25.1Include in the procedure detailed directions for performing the task outlined in the practice.

C25.2In some cases, to aid in clarity, a diagrammatic, photographic, or schematic may be of value to the user of the practice. These shall be supplied to the ASTM editorial staff as originals. An excellent example of this type of approach is illustrated in ASTM Practice D2855, for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings.

C26.1List standard test methods for measurement of all requirements of practices or guides. Refer to the ASTM test methods used in testing the material to determine conformance with the practice or guide. This includes sampling, chemical analysis, mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and other testing procedures. When alternative procedures are given in test methods, it is important to state which particular procedure shall be used as the basis for the practice or guide requirement.

C26.2When there is no ASTM test method specified for a particular quality or property of a specified material, describe the test procedure to be followed in detail in the practice (or guide), following the Form of ASTM Test Methods (Part A of this publication). Include all mandatory information listed in A1.1 (title, scope, significance and use, hazards, procedure, precision and bias).

C26.3Where a method of some other organization is being used and the committee has not approved the test as an ASTM test method, then it is preferable to describe the test in detail in the practice or guide and to include a footnote reference to the original source. Obtain appropriate copyright releases.

C26.4State all procedures in the imperative mood.

C27.1Include detailed information as to calculating, interpreting, and reporting results in this section.

C27.2Depending upon the nature of the practice, an entire section may, by necessity, be devoted to calculation or interpretation of results, or both.

C27.3When a practice permits variance in conditions under which the standard practice has been performed, these conditions should become part of the report.

C28.1In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index.

C28.2Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the specific application(s) that will facilitate the identification and retrieval of the standard.

C28.3All selected keywords shall be stand-alone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used.

C29.1Supplementary information is provided herein to aid in understanding and utilizing the standard.

C29.2Annexes (see A24.3).

C29.3Appendixes (see A24.4).

C30.1The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to provide traceability and clarification of past actions. This documentation might include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justification for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature.

C30.2If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard.

C30.3Examples of standards that include sections on rationale:

C31.1If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph:

C31.2An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the first page:

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

C31.3Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix.

C31.4An example of the list of changes is:

1. (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections.

2. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reflect the results of a recent interlaboratory study.

3. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2.

4. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking.

D1.1The Modified Decimal Numbering (MDN) System is designed primarily for numbering the text division in standards.

D1.2The MDN System is also referred to as the “Point” System.

D2.1All documents are considered to consist of several primary divisions called primary sections. A primary section may include one or more secondary sections. A secondary section may include one or more ternary sections which in turn may include one or more quaternary sections.

D2.2The terms “primary section,” “secondary section,” “ternary section,” and “quaternary section” shall not be used in headings or references.

D2.3References shall be made by referring to only the number when referring to secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. Refer to primary sections as “Section 4” or “Sections 5 to 9.”

D2.4Either of the generic words “section” or “division” may be used in correspondence or other communication, but shall not be used in references, other than primary, as directed in D2.2 and D2.3.

D3.1Number the primary sections of a standard serially, beginning with 1 or “Scope,” using as many numbers as required by the number of sections.

D3.2Assign to the successive secondary sections of any primary section a two-part number consisting of the number used for the primary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of secondary sections. For example, if there are eleven secondary sections in the fifth section of a standard, designate these secondary sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 ... 5.9, 5.10, and 5.11.

D3.3Assign to the successive ternary sections in a secondary section a three-part number consisting of the two-part number assigned to the secondary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of ternary sections. For example, if there are four ternary sections in secondary section 8.4, designate the ternary sections, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, and 8.4.4.

D3.4Assign to each of the successive quaternary sections in a ternary section a four-part number consisting of the three-part number assigned to the ternary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of quaternary sections. For example, if there are three quaternary sections in the second ternary section of secondary section 8.4, designate them 8.4.2.1, 8.4.2.2, and 8.4.2.3.

D3.5There shall be no further subdivision beyond that allowed by the four-part number. The judicious use of unnumbered center headings may help in the adherence to this rule.

D4.1Designate each supplementary requirement by the letter “S” followed by a consecutive number, beginning with 1 for the first supplementary requirement.

D4.1.1There shall be no decimal point between the “S” and the number.

D4.1.2Do not renumber supplementary requirement designations once deleted.

D4.2Designate primary, secondary, and ternary sections of each supplementary requirement as shown in D3.2, D3.3, and D3.4, respectively.

D4.3No individual supplementary requirement shall be subdivided into more than three levels in accordance with D3.5.

D5.1Where a document includes five or more literature references, list them in a separate unnumbered section at the end of the document, preceding annexes and appendixes. Assign a one-part number of each individual reference. See Section G21 of this publication.

D6.1Separate annexes and appendixes from the main text with the centered headings ANNEX(ES) and APPENDIX(ES).

D6.2Precede the title of each annex by the letter “A” followed by a number in consecutive order, beginning with 1 for the first annex (A1, A2, A3, etc.) Precede the title of each appendix by the letter “X” followed by a number in consecutive order, beginning with 1 for the first appendix (X1, X2, X3, etc.)

D6.3Designate primary, secondary, and ternary sections of each annex or appendix as shown in D3.2, D3.3, and D3.4, respectively (NOTE D1) (for example, A1.1, A1.1.1, and A1.1.1.1).

D6.4No individual annex or appendix shall be subdivided into more than three levels in accordance with D3.5.

D7.1Equations should be numbered when two or more are included in the main text of the standard (see G16.5). Designate equations with consecutive Arabic numbers beginning with 1. Number each equation in the order that it appears in the standard, regardless of the section number in which it is referenced.

D7.2Designate equations in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers beginning with 1 (for example, Eq A1.1, A2.4, X3.2).

D8.1Assign consecutive Arabic numbers to successive tables throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the table is referenced.

D8.2Designate tables in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers beginning with 1 (for example, Table A1.1, A2.4, X3.2). Tables shall follow directly the appropriate annex or appendix.

D9.1Assign consecutive Arabic numbers to successive figures throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the figure is referenced.

D9.2Designate figures in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers beginning with 1 (for example, Fig. A1.1, A2.4, X3.2). Figures shall follow directly any tables of the appropriate annex or appendix.

D10.1Assign consecutive numbers to successive notes throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section to which the note may refer. Notes shall be indicated by the word “NOTE” followed by the number.

D10.2Designate notes in annexes by the letter “A” and in appendixes by the letter “X,” followed by consecutive numbers, beginning with 1.

D10.3Designate notes pertaining to figures by consecutive numbers, beginning with 1 for the first note to each individual figure.

D11.1Assign consecutive numbers to successive footnotes throughout the standard, including supplementary requirements, annexes, and appendixes, without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the footnotes appears.

D11.2Designate footnotes to tables by consecutive letters, beginning with “A” for the first footnote to each individual table.

D11.3Footnotes shall be referenced by superscript numbers, or, in the case of tables, by superscript italic capital letters.

D12.1Do not use a combination of the MDN System and other systems for designating secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. For example, do not divide 8.4 into 8.4 (a), 8.4 (b), and 8.4 (c), rather than the 8.4.1, 8.4.2, and 8.4.3 as directed in D3.3.

D13.1Do not assign MDN numbers to examples that are numbered serially throughout a document.

D13.2Do not assign numbers to centered headings when used.

D14.1Where a standard has a preliminary section with a heading such as “Introduction” or “Foreword,” do not assign this section a number so that “Scope” shall always be designated with the one-part number “1” in accordance with D3.1.

D15.1Exercise care to distinguish between successive, parallel, and alternative sections and supplementary sections such as secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. Only the latter three require the addition of another decimal point and number. Note also the manner of handling alternative clauses within a section. For example:

Note that the above example is a single sentence and no further numbering breakdown is required.

Note that in the above example, 10.3 and 10.4 are successive subdivisions of 10, not subdivisions of 10.1 or 10.2.

D16.1Any problems in the implementation of the MDN System in ASTM standards should be referred to the ASTM Director of Standards Publications for resolution.

E1.1In ASTM International, technical committees are responsible for defining terminology within technical standards and for developing terminology as a type of standard. Terminology ensures precise interpretation of ASTM standards and explains technical terms for the benefit of users who are not conversant with the language of the standard. Use terminology that is clear, explicit, and not liable to misinterpretation when referred to in technical operations, commercial contracts, or legal proceedings.

E1.2Terminology in a technical standard may include definitions of terms and definitions of terms specific to a standard and explanations of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms that are necessary for the reader to understand that particular standard.

E1.3All technical standards should contain a Terminology section that includes Definitions of Terms or Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard, or both. Reference to a related terminology standard(s) can be sufficient for this section. See Section E7

E1.4All technical committees should develop and maintain a general terminology standard. Terminology, as a type of standard, is comprised of definitions of terms and explanations of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms pertaining to the scope of a technical committee or a specialized field within the committee.

E2.1Definition of Terms:

E2.2Definition of Terms Specific to a Standard:

NOTE—A term may be a word, phrase, or compound word.

E3.1Use these guidelines when writing both definition of terms and definitions of terms specific to a standard.

E3.2Prepare a definition when:

E3.3Do not develop a definition when:

E4.1Write definitions of terms and definitions specific to a standard in the dictionary-definition form. Include term, part of speech, definition, and, when applicable, a delimiting phrase (see E5.5).

E4.2Complete the definition in one sentence. If two or more phrases are needed to state the meaning, connect them with semicolons. Include any necessary supplementary information as a Discussion.

E4.3Describe the essential characteristics of the term. Keep it simple.

NOTE—The definition should exclude details such as performance requirements or how things are made, used, or measured.

E4.4State the definition without repeating the entire term defined. Use language that is understandable to non-experts.

NOTE—A defined term could be a word, phrase or compound word. A compound word or a phrase may require reuse of one of the base words within the definition.

E4.5The term and its elements should appear in the following order: term; abbreviation; symbol; dimensions of quantities, measurement units; part of speech; delimiting phrase; statement of meaning, including specification limits where applicable; cross-references to synonyms or related terms; attribution.

E5.1Abbreviations—For terms usually represented by an abbreviation, place a comma and the preferred abbreviation following the term, and then the part of speech, for example:

E5.2Symbols—For terms usually represented by a letter symbol, place a comma and the preferred symbol following the term, and then the part of speech. Follow the style guidance in Section G16. For example:

E5.3Dimensions of Physical Quantities—If the term represents a physical quantity, state its analytical dimension in upright, sans-serif capital font in square brackets immediately following the letter symbol, or if there is none, following the term itself. Follow the style guidance in G16.5. For example:

E5.4Parts of Speech—Including the part of speech enables the user to distinguish between closely allied terms; for example:

E5.5Delimiting Phrases—If a term has different meanings in other technical fields or contexts, include an italicized phrase that delimits the definition to its field of application. This phrase should follow the dash and be separated from the basic statement of meaning by a comma, for example:

E5.6Specification Limits—If a definition involves specification limits applicable only to a specific standard (for example, in defining plate by specifying a thickness range), make the term specific to that standard. If, however, it is intended that this definition be broadly accepted within a specific technical committee or within ASTM International, delimit its scope, for example:

E5.7Cross-references—Cross-references bring together related terms and narrower terms of a given genus. A cross-reference may take the place of a definition, or it may be appended to a definition to draw attention to related definition, for example:

E5.8Discussions—To fill in more detail of the concept being defined, supplementary information may be added as a separate discussion immediately following the definition, for example:

E5.9Attributions—If an existing definition is adopted from another reference source material (for example, technical standard, manual, or dictionary), copy it exactly and identify the original source in a boldface notation at the right margin following the definition. (See the example given in E7.1.2 for an example of formatting an attribution in a definition.)

E6.1In standards containing numerous symbols, acronyms/initialisms, or abbreviations, these items may be listed under the appropriate subheading as a convenience to the user of the standard.

E7.1Terminology Within a Standard—This section may include paragraphs on definitions, definitions of terms specific to a standard, symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, discussions, or a combination thereof.

E8.1The following list shows in sequence the subjects usually covered in a terminology standard:

E9.1The title should be as concise as possible but complete enough to identify the subject covered by the terminology. The title of a terminology standard preferably is Terminology of ..., although Terminology Relating to ... is acceptable.

E10.1The designation will be assigned by ASTM International Headquarters upon submittal of the standard for Society approval.

E11.1Provide information about the field of application of the terminology. Include information on how, when, and by whom the terminology will be used. Indicate here whether the terminology standard is general or relates to a specialized field. Where the content of a terminology standard is limited or restricted, as in a specialized terminology standard, the scope statement should so indicate.

E12.1Include in this section only ASTM standards, adjuncts, and standards or codes of other organizations. All referenced documents shall be cited.

E13.1When use restrictions exist, include a significance and use statement. Give a warning of them such as: “This terminology is not intended to …”

E14.1Terms and Their Definitions (Mandatory)—Compose a definition in the dictionary-definition form (see E4.5) and include the term, part of speech, definition, and when applicable, a delimiting phrase. Boldface the term and italicize the part of speech and delimiting phrase. Do not capitalize the term or any other components of the definition except for proper nouns, acronyms, or any other words capitalized in normal usage. List the terms unnumbered and in alphabetical sequence.

E15.1Any of these subsections can be used for the convenience of the user of the standard. Follow the guidelines detailed in Section E6.

E16.1In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index.

E16.2Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the specific application(s) that will facilitate the identification and retrieval of the standard. Keywords for terminology standards should include the words definitions and terminology.

E16.3All keywords shall be stand-alone terms; incomplete phrases and unattached adjectives shall not be used.

E17.1To aid in understanding and using the terminology, supplementary information such as illustrations, commentaries, or rationale may be included in annexes (mandatory information), or appendixes (nonmandatory information).

E18.1Supplementary publications, useful for consultation by users who wish to have more detailed information on the particular terminology, may be provided. If the publications are cited in the text, they should be listed in a References section at the end of the standard (see Section A25); otherwise, the section should be titled Bibliography.

E19.1This unnumbered section shall be placed at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph:

E19.2Next list, by section or subsection, changes since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included.

E19.3An example of the list of changes is:

F1.1Certain requirements, such as those listed below, shall not be included in ASTM standards. If a committee feels it is important that this type of information be given, the committee may request an exemption from the Committee on Standards for the inclusion of such requirements in an ASTM standard.

• Adjustment, settlement, and investigation of claims

• Costs of testing, retesting statements

• Effective Dates

• Open-end agreements (see B1.2)

• Prices

• Purchasing

F1.2The matter of who shall pay for services should be stated in the agreement or purchase order and not in the standard. Statements covering inspection (follow Section B19), rejection and rehearing (follow Section B20), testing and retesting (follow B16.2), marking (follow Section B22), and certification (follow Section B21) are suitable when they do not contain mandatory requirements covering the costs involved.

F2.1The generic caveat on safety hazards specified below shall appear in the Scope section of (1) test methods; (2) specifications where test methods are detailed other than by reference; and (3) practices and guides that involve the use of material, operations, or equipment.

F2.2 Fire Standards:

F2.3General Policy Caveat—The Board of Directors approved the inclusion of a General Statement of ASTM Policy in all standards:

This statement shall appear in a note at the end of the standard, following the note on ASTM Disclaimer of Liability as to Patented Inventions (see Section F3 on Patents in ASTM Standards).

F2.4Working Document Caveat—The Board of Directors approved the use of the “Working Document” statement to be stated on the front page of every draft document or manuscript from a committee. The following statement shall be typed or stamped on the document:

Anyone requesting an ASTM committee draft document is entitled to receive a copy. However, after receipt of this document, they shall adhere to the caveat.

F2.5Professional Judgment Caveat—When a Technical Committee is developing a Standard Guide or Practice that may involve professional judgment, the following caveats may be used:

F2.6Mercury Caveat—When a standard includes reference to the element of mercury or products containing mercury, the following caveat shall appear in the Scope section.

F2.7International Standard Caveat—The Board of Directors approved the inclusion of the following International Standard Caveat in all standards.

F3.1When a committee has determined an item covered by a patent or a pending patent may be necessary in a proposed standard, the committee shall include a statement in the balloting process and a footnote in the draft standard, indicating a willingness to consider alternative(s). ASTM standards submitted to ANSI for approval as American National Standards shall conform to the ANSI patent policy. The ANSI patent policy may be obtained on the ANSI website (www.ansi.org).

F3.2Disclaimer of Liability as to Patented Inventions—Neither ASTM International nor an ASTM committee shall be responsible for identifying all patents under which a license is required in using an ASTM document or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity of those patents which are brought to the Society’s attention. Where applicable, an ASTM document shall include a note worded as follows:

F4.1ASTM International is authorized to certify products, equipment or services.

F4.2 Trademarks:

F4.3 Sources of Supply:

F5.1When referencing standards of other organizations, include the designation and title for the document in the Referenced Documents sections.

F5.2When it is necessary to quote portions of a non-ASTM standard, permission to republish shall be obtained from the organization holding copyright by ASTM International Headquarters.

F5.3Joint logos shall not be printed on ASTM standards, except with the authorization of the Board of Directors. When a standard has been developed in cooperation with another organization(s), a note may appear in the standard, crediting the other organization’s participation.

G1.1Check the draft standard against the rules given in this style manual. Many technical committees have editorial subcommittees that review draft standards before submittal to Headquarters. The ASTM editorial staff does the final styling and is available to assist members. There are a number of forms of assistance available to the ASTM standards-writer, such as the following: on-line templates to write standards and access to the latest Form and Style for ASTM Standards, the ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology (see www.astm.org), Committee White Papers (supplements to this manual), and editorial workshops. Also, see the Introduction to this manual.

G1.2Of the instructions that follow, some are included because they are deviations from the standard references, some because they are used frequently and are therefore listed here for convenience. Sections on various points of ASTM style appear in the following alphabetical order:

G2.1Rationale for Ballot—A rationale explaining the reason for the ballot is mandatory for all ballots.

G2.2New Standard—For help in writing new standards, go to www.astm.org and use the online draft standard templates.

G2.3Revisions—Clearly indicate proposed changes by providing strikethroughs for deletions, underlines for additions, using a track changes tool, or otherwise clearly identifying additions or deletions.

G3.1The value of a quantity is its magnitude expressed as the product of a number, fixed space, and a unit symbol, the space being regarded as a multiplication sign. Therefore, in the text, use unit symbols after numbers denoting a definite quantity. Example: “The length is 25 mm [1.0 in.].”

G3.2Use unit symbols in tables and figures, and in lists defining symbols used in equations.

G3.3Use unit symbols and abbreviations in the singular only. Thus “fifty kilograms” shall be designated “50 kg,” not “50 kgs.” Exceptions: Figs., Nos., Eqs., Refs, Vols.

G3.4When a long word or phrase for which there is no standard abbreviations is used frequently, it may be replaced by an abbreviation that is explained when it first occurs. Examples: below top dead center (btdc), relative centrifugal force (rcf).

G3.5Commonly accepted abbreviations for names of societies, associations, government agencies, etc., may be used, provided the name is spelled out the first time it is used. Use no periods and run together. Examples: ASTM International, TAPPI, NASA, ARPA.

G3.6The standard unit symbols and abbreviations for use in Society publications in the list below are so common that they may be used without explanation. A comprehensive list of SI units and symbols is provided in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Metric Practice; information is also available in the SI Quick Reference Guide (Annex A) and Part G and Part H. If a discrepancy exists between these documents, follow Part G and Part H of the Form and Style Manual.

G4.1Use the following for alloy designations:

G4.2ASTM and SAE have jointly developed a unified numbering system (UNS) for alloy identification (Practice E527).

G5.1Do not use this expression. For example, when “A and/or B” is truly the case, write “A or B, or both.” For example, when “A, B, and/or C” is truly the case, write “A, B, or C, or combinations thereof.”

G6.1Use capitals sparingly.

G6.2In headings and titles, capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and all other words of five or more letters. Do not use initial caps on abbreviations (except see G6.6), or the phrase “et al.” or in the word “to” in the infinitive form of a verb.

G6.3Use initial cap for “committee” where used in a title, as “Committee A01,” “Committee on Publications.” Everywhere else use lowercase, as “The committee recommends ...” This rule also applies to use of “symposium,” etc.

G6.4Use initial cap on Society, Staff, and Headquarters when referring to ASTM International, its Staff, and its Headquarters.

G6.5Capitalize trademarks. The initial cap becomes lowercase after the word is accepted into the language as generic. When in doubt, capitalize. The following are now lowercase: babbitt, bunsen, cellophane, diesel, kraft, neoprene, nylon, portland cement, saran.

G6.6Use initial cap in referring to volumes, figures, tables, etc., as Vol 2, Fig. 2, Table 2. Use lowercase in less direct references such as: “This volume contains ...,” “In the same figure is shown ...”

G6.7Use initial caps in such expressions as: Test 1, Specimen A, Cement B, Type 1, Class C, Grade B, etc.

G6.8It is permissible to use all caps in directions such as: “Turn the machine to OFF position” or “Turn the dial to TITRATE.”

G7.1Chemical formulas should be used freely in tables and figures. In text in which chemical formulas are mentioned infrequently, spell out the names. Where they are mentioned frequently, spell out the name in the first reference to it, followed by the formula in parentheses. The formula alone may be used subsequently. Do not use chemical formulas for organic or complex inorganic compounds. Always spell out the word “water” and the name of the elements (use lead, not Pb). Isotopes may be written as carbon-14 or as¹⁴C.

G8.1Terms describing contractual parties shall be limited to the following:

G9.1Use the following symbols for crystallographic planes and directions:

1. plane (111)

2. family of planes {111}

3. direction [111]

4. family of directions <111>

G10.1For spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and foreign words, use a reference source material, such as Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (print or electronic versions). For other information on style use Manual of Style, The University of Chicago Press (print or electronic version).

G11.1Use the form “9+1” rather than “9:1” for dilution ratios. This means that the 1 part solute is to be mixed with the 9 parts solvent. Specify whether volumes, weights or mass are being used, for example, volume/volume, weight/volume, mass/volume, etc. For SI units, the term weight should not be used to mean mass, use mass/volume.

G12.1Definition—A figure can be a technical drawing (vector line art), information visual (chart/graph/schematic), or a photograph, or a combination of these.

G12.2Please include figure(s) with your ballot submission to ensure timely publication of your standards.

G12.3 How do I create and save non-photographic images (for example, graphs, drawings, schematics) or digital photographs from a hard copy original or from computer-generated artwork?

G12.4 How do I submit the file?

G12.5 How do I submit hard copy?

G13.1For footnotes in tables, use superior italic capital letters, beginning anew for each table. Type the footnotes below the table.

G13.2For all other footnotes, use superior numbers.

G13.3Do not use footnotes in figure captions. Either cite a previous footnote or reference (for example, “see Footnote 3,” or “taken from Ref (4)”), or write out the reference in the caption. For style of publication footnotes, see Sections G21 and G22.

G14.1In ASTM standards, hyphenate compound adjectives, such as: “low-alloy steel,” “cold-drawn wire.” Compound adjectives involving SI units should use a space, such as: “50 mm gauge.” Write expressions such as the following with the hyphen after the first word: “high- and low-temperature tests.” For the sake of appearance, omit hyphens in such expressions as “3 % nickel alloy” or “3EC rise in temperature.” Also do not hyphenate chemical compounds and the words “stainless steel” and “cast iron.”

G14.2Do not hyphenate an adverb-adjective combination when the adverb ends with “ly.”

G14.3Spelled-out fractions used as nouns are not hyphenated (one third of the load); used as adjectives, they are hyphenated (a one-third share).

G15.1 Scientific Text and Equations:

G15.2 Running Text:

G15.3 Do not italicize:

G16.1Mathematical material can appear in the standard text or as equations. In all cases, submit clear copy, without ambiguities arising from carelessly placed subscripts or superscripts, confusion between Greek and Roman letters, incomplete fraction lines, and so on. When there is a possibility of confusion (for example capital letter O and zero), include an editorial note nearby to clarify with more description. For example:

Editorial Note: Lowercase “L” equals number one times 10 superscript 3 Greek mu meters

G16.2Greek Symbols—If unclear, type out the name of the Greek symbol in an editorial note.

G16.3Superscripts (superior symbols) should be marked with a caret or type “superscript” in an editorial note. Subscripts (inferior symbols) should be marked with an inverted caret or type “subscript” in an editorial note.

G16.4Indicate what symbol is preferred to show multiplication (for example, times symbol, middle dot, or asterisk).

G16.5 Equations:

G16.6Exp versus e—If the exponent is relatively short and on one line, without superscripts or subscripts, use e:

If it is relatively long or has superscripts or subscripts, use exp:

G16.7Fractions—Use the solidus (diagonal line) in the text:

Use the built-up fraction (with a horizontal line) in an equation. If you use a built-up fraction on one side of an equation, use it on the other side:

Use parentheses liberally to clearly show the complete numerator or denominator. For example, does log a/b mean log (a/b) or (log a)/b? Use the parentheses to clarify. If you write a/b + c but mean a/(b + c), use parentheses.

G16.8Statistical Data—For data that are treated statistically, follow the recommendations in the ASTM Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis (MNL7). Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics, which is responsible for MNL7, is prepared to cooperate with other technical committees in helping them present data most effectively. In particular:

G17.1See Part D.

G18.1Use Arabic numerals in designating figures and tables, thus: “Fig. 3,” “Table 6.”

G18.2Spell out all numbers from one through twelve, with the following exceptions:

G18.3Use numerals for all numbers exceeding twelve, with the following exceptions:

G18.4In pointing off numbers of more than four figures, use spaces instead of commas in the text, illustrations, and tabular matter (1 234 567). Do not point off numbers of four figures (1234) except in tables when they occur in a column containing numbers of more than four figures.

G18.5In expressing ratios (except dilution ratios) use 1 to 10 or 1:10, not 1-10. Dilution ratios are expressed 1+10; see G11.1.

G18.6In expressing grades of, for example, emery paper, use 3/0, not 000.

G19.1Use the format “mass fraction is 3 %” or “w = 3 %”, where w is the symbol for the quantity mass fraction. Similarly write “volume fraction is 2 %”, not “2 % (by vol)”.

G19.2Do not use “3 % (by mass)”, “3 % m/m”, “3 % (m/m)”. The same stricture applies to all similar variants and to the quantities volume and amount of substance.

G19.3Do not use phrases such as “percentage by mass” or “percent by volume.”

G19.4When a quantity is reduced from 40 to 30, it is reduced by 25 %. When a quantity decreases from 40 % to 30 %, it decreases by 10 percentage points.

G20.1Where the name of the monomer is one word, the prefix “poly” is simply run in, as: polystyrene, polyisobutylene, etc. Where the name of the monomer is two words, they are enclosed in parentheses and the prefix “poly” added, as in the following words: poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate).

G21.1If there are fewer than five references cited in the standard, use footnotes. If five or more references are cited, type them in a separate list of references at the end of the manuscript, following annexes and appendixes, if any. Assign a consecutive Arabic number to each reference. Indicate the reference in the text by enclosing the number in parentheses and using boldface. Show a footnote reference after the first boldface reference number, stating in the footnote: “The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.” If it is necessary to use the word “reference,” use the style: “According to Ref (3) ...” It is preferable, however, to use the author’s name, as “According to Jones (3) ...” If there are two authors, use both names, as: “According to Jones and Smith (3)...” If there are three or more authors, use “et al,” as: According to Jones et al (3) ...”

G21.2Do not list ASTM standards as references; list them in the section on Referenced Documents (see also Section A6). Do not list as references documents that are not readily accessible to the reader, such as unpublished theses and private correspondence.

G21.3Type references (and publication footnotes) as follows:

G22.1Refer to ASTM standards first in the section on Referenced Documents. Follow the designation (without year) with the full title, and use a footnote to refer to the appropriate publication. The footnote should read: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org or contact ASTM Customer Service at Service@astm.org. For the Annual Book of ASTM standards volume information, refer the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. Thereafter use simply the abbreviated designation (Test Method D1708, Practice E691, Specification A250/A250M, etc.) Do not include the word “Standard.” Do not use quotes on titles of standards, whether those of ASTM International or other organizations.

G22.2Any reference to a combined standard shall include the entire designation, for example, Specification A36/A36M. When only one system of units is applicable, this may be indicated where the reference is cited; for example:

G22.3Do not refer to a specific paragraph, section, table, or figure of another standard unless necessary to avoid confusion. For example, say, “the section on Impregnation Time of Methods D202.”

G23.1In general, the word “sample” should be used only to describe a piece or quantity of bulk material that has been selected by some sampling process. Pieces or quantities taken from the sample for testing are called “specimens.” Quantities of liquid or bulk aggregate are usually called “samples,” because a sampling procedure is usually used to obtain them.

G23.2To describe the piece on which a test is made, use “specimen” or “test specimen,” not “piece” or “sample.”

G24.1SI units shall be included in all ASTM standards in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, the SI Quick Reference Guide (Annex A) and Part G and Part H. If a discrepancy exists between these documents, follow Part G and Part H of the Form and Style Manual.

G24.2Combined Standards—Both units of measure are included, and either system is to be regarded separately as the standard. The combined designation format: A36/A36M. (See also A3.4.)

G25.1Included in the following list are those spellings of words commonly found in ASTM standards. For words that do not appear in this list, use a reference source material. If using words for which multiple spellings are allowed, then consistently apply a single spelling within a standard. See Section G10 on Dictionaries and Other Reference Publications on Style.

G26.1In general, avoid the use of symbols in text except in accordance with Sections G3 and G7. (See G16.1.1). When stating dimensions, use “by” not ×, for example, “254 mm by 127 mm” or “(254 by 127) mm”. Show tolerances, for example, as “254 mm by 127 mm ± 6 mm” or (254 by 127 ± 6) mm.” Do not use a hyphen or a dash for the word “to” except in tables where needed to conserve space. Do not use (') or (") for feet and inches in text, tables, or figures.

G26.2In combination with words not having symbols, spell out entirely, for example, “bubbles per minute.”

G27.1 Tables:

G27.2 Graphs:

G28.1The words “tension,” “compression,” and “flexure” are used adjectivally to modify “specimen,” “test,” or “testing.” Examples: tension test, compression testing, flexure specimen. To modify other nouns, the adjectives “tensile,” “compressive,” and “flexural” are used. Examples: tensile strength, compressive force, flexural data.

G28.2In some areas (notably the textile industry) there is a difference between a “tension test” and a “tensile test,” and in these cases the appropriate terminology shall be used.

G29.1The form to be used for the unit for thermal conductivity k is: Btu•in./h•ft²• F[SI units: W/(m•K)].

G30.1Whenever possible, refer to thermometers described in ASTM Specification E1 or E2251, for ASTM Thermometers. Reference to an ASTM thermometer of the desired range should be as follows:

G30.2Do not specify both temperature scales unless there is a definite need for them.

G31.1Avoid the use of trademarks whenever possible. For example, use aluminum oxide instead of Aloxite, petroleum jelly instead of Vaseline. When trademarks are used, they should, of course, be initial cap and the owner of the trademark indicated by footnote.

1. Aloxite (trademark, use aluminum oxide)

2. Alundum (trademark)

3. Bakelite (trademark)

4. Carborundum (trademark)

5. Celite (trademark)

6. Chromel-Alumel (trademark)

7. Haydite (trademark)

8. Inconel (trademark)

9. Invar (trademark)

10. Kel-F (trademark, use polychlorotrifluoroethylene)

11. Lucite (trademark, use poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA))

12. Magne-Gage (trademark)

13. Masonite (trademark)

14. Monel metal (trademark)

15. Muntz metal (trademark)

16. Mylar (trademark, use polyester film)

17. Nichrome (trademark)

18. Nujol (trademark, use light mineral oil)

19. Plexiglas (trademark, use poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA))

20. Pyrex (trademark, use borosilicate)

21. Scotch tape (trademark, use pressure-sensitive tape)

22. Teflon (trademark, use TFE-fluorocarbon or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE))

23. Thiokol (trademark, use as an adjective, as “Thiokol polysulfide rubber”)

24. Transite (trademark)

25. Tygon (trademark, use vinyl)

26. Vaseline (trademark, use petroleum jelly)

27. Vycor (trademark, use high-silica)

H1.1This part is intended to guide technical committees in the use of the standard formats for denoting the use of the International System of Units (SI), non-SI units (usually inch-pound), or both in ASTM standards.

H1.2SI units of measurement shall be included in all ASTM standards.

H2.1SI unit, n, in ASTM standards—unit of the International System of Units (SI) and other units specifically approved in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 as a unit, for use with SI.

H2.2inch-pound unit, n, in ASTM standards—(also known as U.S. Customary Units) the most common non-SI unit, based on the inch and the pound, used in the United States of America and defined relative to SI by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Discussion—Inch-pound units are one system of non-SI units. Other systems of non-SI units are acceptable, for example, the centimetre gram second (cgs) system.

H2.3substitution, n, in ASTM standards—(formerly rationalization or hard conversion) the planned simplification of a converted value achieved by modifying the value to reflect dimensions or physical characteristics of existing real measurements or configurations; as a result of this change the object or quantity is not necessarily interchangeable with the original.

Discussion—In substitution, a new rational SI (metric) size is used for the value of the measurement for the item being converted. While conversion maintains the original standard value (rounded appropriately for accuracy and precision), substitution defines a new standard value for the measurement. Substitution should not be confused with rounding. The committee shall determine the most appropriate standard unit of measurement. For examples of converting values, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10, Annex B.

H2.4SI standard, n—an ASTM standard in which SI units are the only system of units declared as standard; inch-pound (or other non-SI) units may be included for information only.

H2.5combined standard, n—an ASTM standard in which SI units and inch-pound (or other non-SI) units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard. (For example, Specification A36/A36M).

H3.1For a standard citing SI units of measurement as the standard units of measurement, select the type of standard to be written and follow the appropriate format requirement listed below:

H4.1For a standard citing inch-pound (or other non-SI) units of measurement as the standard units of measurement, follow the format requirement below:

H4.2Units—Within the text, inch-pound (or other non-SI) units shall appear first followed by converted SI units in parentheses.

H5.1Repetitive Equivalents—For standards in which inch-pound (or other non-SI) units are regarded as standard, insert a specific repetitive SI equivalent only the first time it occurs in each paragraph of a standard.

H5.2Expressing General Units—When a standard specifies units for reporting results, the preferred unit in each system should be stated, especially in the case of compound units. For example, “Report twist of yarn in twists per inch (twists per metre)”; not “... in twists per inch (25.4 mm).”

H5.3Using Percentages for Tolerance Limits—When appropriate, eliminate the need for equivalents in the case of tolerances by expressing the limits in percentages.

H5.4Sieve Sizing—When a standard cites sieve sizes, use the standard sieve sizes given in Table 1 of ASTM Specification E11, Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes.

H5.5Where it has been long-standing practice to use SI units alone (such as stating temperatures only in degrees Celsius), equivalents may be omitted.

H6.1For instructions on including SI units in tables, see Section G27.