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This paper studied surface formation mechanism of alumina (Al₂O₃) ceramic holes using sintering diamond bits. First, critical cutting loads and average cutting loads of single abrasive particles were calculated through theoretical analysis; secondly, scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination was carried out to further study the hole surface removal mechanism. The results show the following: (1) theoretical analysis shows that the minimum value of an average load of single abrasive particles is much bigger than the critical cutting load of engendering transverse crackle and that Al₂O₃ ceramic is removed mainly by the form of brittle fracture; (2) SEM analysis reveals that the machined surface is formed by concave pits (caused by brittle fracture) and groove scratches (caused by plastic deformation), and characters of brittle fracture are dominant; (3) brittle fracture mainly includes cleavage fracture, transgranular fracture, intergranular fracture, spalling removal, etc.; (4) the grinding surface also has a damage zone with different characteristics, such as stomatal zones, loose zones, remnant crackles, etc.