Concern for the environment and the need to conserve water are forcing change in the desalination industry. Users of brackish water desalination equipment are demanding minimum waste to conserve raw water supplies and recovery of wastewaters for industrial reuse by desalination processes is becoming common. Electrodialysis is meeting these challenges with improved membranes that have high efficiency, substantial resistance to oxidants and extreme resistance to organic fouling. These recent developments have led to the successful application of electrodialysis technology to demineralize cooling tower, refinery and other wastewaters as well as potable supplies at high water recoveries.