THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW ON THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS< of fuel oils, petroleum pitch, petroleum coke, and some related carbon materials. A common thread among these materials is the line of production that connects petroleum refining to the manufacture of carbon materials. Bottom fractions from the catalytic cracking of gas oil (FCC decant oil) or from thermal cracking of naphtha (ethylene tar) can be used as residual fuel oil, or as feedstocks for producing carbon fibers and carbon-carbon composite materials, and for densification of graphite electrodes used in electric-arc furnaces to recycle scrap iron and steel. The residua from vacuum distillation in petroleum refining are subjected to severe thermal cracking in coking processes to produce light and medium distillates and petroleum cokes that are used as solid fuel, or as filler for manufacturing carbon anodes for electrochemical production of aluminum. Is is important to recognize that ferrous metals and light metals industries, as well as manufacturing a number of carbon materials, are closely linked with the products of petroleum refining, including decant oils, petroleum pitch, and petroleum coke.