Standards

ASTM E1 - 07 Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

Citing ASTM Standards Citation data is made available by participants in CrossRefs Cited-by Linking service. A comprehensive list of citations to this standard are listed here.

C782 Standard Test Method for Softness of Preformed Tape Sealants

D5 Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials

D6/D6M Standard Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds

D20 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Road Tars

D36/D36M Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)

D56 Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester

D61 Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Pitches (Cube-in-Water Method)

D70 Standard Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method)

D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure

D87 Standard Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax (Cooling Curve)

D88 Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity

D92 Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester

D93 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products

D113 Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials

D127 Standard Test Method for Drop Melting Point of Petroleum Wax, Including Petrolatum

D130 Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test

D139 Standard Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous Materials

D189 Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

D240 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter

D243 Standard Test Method for Residue of Specified Penetration

D244 Standard Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts

D287 Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)

D304 Standard Specification for n-Butyl Alcohol (Butanol)

D323 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)

D331 Standard Specification for 2-Ethoxyethanol

D381 Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation

D402 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Cutback Asphaltic (Bituminous) Products

D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

D460 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Soaps and Soap Products

D501 Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Alkaline Detergents

D524 Standard Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

D525 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)

D562 Standard Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer

D566 Standard Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease

D611 Standard Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents

D648 Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position

D665 Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

D721 Standard Test Method for Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes

D740 Standard Specification for Methyl Ethyl Ketone

D746 Standard Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers by Impact

D770 Standard Specification for Isopropyl Alcohol

D792 Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement

D850 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials

D852 Standard Test Method for Solidification Point of Benzene

D873 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)

D889 Standard Test Method for Volatile Oil in Rosin

D891 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals

D892 Standard Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils

D914 Standard Test Methods for Ethylcellulose

D938 Standard Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum

D942 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Greases by the Oxygen Pressure Vessel Method

D943 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oils

D972 Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases and Oils

D1007 Standard Specification for sec-Butyl Alcohol

D1045 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Plasticizers Used in Plastics

D1078 Standard Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids

D1120 Standard Test Method for Boiling Point of Engine Coolants

D1122 Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Engine Coolant Concentrates and Engine Coolants By The Hydrometer

D1125 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water

D1153 Standard Specification for Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

D1177 Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

D1200 Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup

D1217 Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer

D1218 Standard Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids

D1267 Standard Test Method for Gage Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)

D1283 Standard Test Method for Alkali-Soluability of Wools

D1298 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method

D1310 Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus

D1321 Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes

D1384 Standard Test Method for Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants in Glassware

D1429 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water and Brine

D1439 Standard Test Methods for Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose

D1465 Standard Test Method for Blocking and Picking Points of Petroleum Wax

D1480 Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

D1519 Standard Test Method for Rubber Chemicals-Melting Range

D1525 Standard Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of Plastics

D1531 Standard Test Methods for Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) and Dissipation Factor by Fluid Displacement Procedures

D1601 Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethylene Polymers

D1607 Standard Test Method for Nitrogen Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (Griess-Saltzman Reaction)

D1657 Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by Pressure Hydrometer

D1665 Standard Test Method for Engler Specific Viscosity of Tar Products

D1669 Standard Practice for Preparation of Test Panels for Accelerated and Outdoor Weathering of Bituminous Coatings

D1719 Standard Specification for Isobutyl Alcoholl

D1747 Standard Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Materials

D1754/D1754M Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)

D1755 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Resins

D1817 Standard Test Method for Rubber Chemicals—Density

D1823 Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Plastisols and Organosols at High Shear Rates by Extrusion Viscometer

D1824 Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Plastisols and Organosols at Low Shear Rates

D1837 Standard Test Method for Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases

D1838 Standard Test Method for Copper Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases

D1856 Standard Test Method for Recovery of Asphalt From Solution by Abson Method

D1875 Standard Test Method for Density of Adhesives in Fluid Form

D1881 Standard Test Method for Foaming Tendencies of Engine Coolants in Glassware

D1981 Standard Test Method for Measuring Color After Heating of Tall Oil Fatty Acids

D1982 Standard Test Method for Titer of Fatty Acids

D1986 Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Viscosity of Polyethylene Wax

D2024 Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Nonionic Surfactants

D2041/D2041M Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures

D2112 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel

D2158 Standard Test Method for Residues in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases

D2162 Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

D2170/D2170M Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)

D2171/D2171M Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer

D2196 Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer

D2265 Standard Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating Grease Over Wide Temperature Range

D2318 Standard Test Method for Quinoline-Insoluble (QI) Content of Tar and Pitch

D2319/D2319M Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Pitch (Cube-in-Air Method)

D2386 Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels

D2500 Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products

D2532 Standard Test Method for Viscosity and Viscosity Change After Standing at Low Temperature of Aircraft Turbine Lubricants

D2595 Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range

D2669 Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes Compounded with Additives (Hot Melts)

D2732 Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting

D2857 Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers

D2872 Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)

D2893 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Characteristics of Extreme-Pressure Lubrication Oils

D2913 Standard Test Method for Mercaptan Content of the Atmosphere

D2914 Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

D2983 Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer

D3065 Standard Test Methods for Flammability of Aerosol Products

D3130 Standard Specification for n-Propyl Acetate (96 % Grade)

D3143 Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Cutback Asphalt with Tag Open-Cup Apparatus

D3154 Standard Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot Tube Method)

D3162 Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

D3235 Standard Test Method for Solvent Extractables in Petroleum Waxes

D3289 Standard Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and Solid Bituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)

D3326 Standard Practice for Preparation of Samples for Identification of Waterborne Oils

D3427 Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils

D3505 Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Pure Liquid Chemicals

D3539 Standard Test Methods for Evaporation Rates of Volatile Liquids by Shell Thin-Film Evaporometer

D3540 Standard Specification for Primary Amyl Acetate, Synthetic (98 % Grade)

D3591 Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds

D3603 Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Steam Turbine Oil in the Presence of Water (Horizontal Disk Method)

D3608 Standard Test Method for Nitrogen Oxides (Combined) Content in the Atmosphere by the Griess-Saltzman Reaction

D3622 Standard Specification for 1-Propanol (n-Propyl Alcohol)

D3625 Standard Practice for Effect of Water on Bituminous-Coated Aggregate Using Boiling Water

D3685/D3685M Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Determination of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases

D3716 Standard Test Methods for Use of Emulsion Polymers in Floor Polishes

D3824 Standard Test Methods for Continuous Measurement of Oxides of Nitrogen in the Ambient or Workplace Atmosphere by the Chemiluminescent Method

D3825 Standard Test Method for Dynamic Surface Tension by the Fast-Bubble Technique

D3934 Standard Test Method for Flash/No Flash Test-Equilibrium Method by a Closed-Cup Apparatus

D3941 Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus

D3944 Standard Test Method for Solidification Point of Petroleum Wax

D4016 Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Chemical Grouts by Brookfield Viscometer (Laboratory Method)

D4028 Standard Specification for Solar Screening Woven from Vinyl-Coated Fiber Glass Yarn

D4096 Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Sampler Method)

D4171 Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors

D4189 Standard Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water

D4212 Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups

D4221 Standard Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay Soil by Double Hydrometer

D4298 Standard Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Establish Traceability

D4308 Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter

D4310 Standard Test Method for Determination of Sludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils

D4350 Standard Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics and Fillers

D4360 Standard Specification for Methyl n-Amyl Ketone

D4423 Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbonyls In C4 Hydrocarbons

D4486 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids

D4493 Standard Test Method for Solidification Point of Bisphenol A (4,4′-Isopropylidenediphenol)

D4530 Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)

D4532 Standard Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace Atmospheres Using Cyclone Samplers

D4539 Standard Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)

D4603 Standard Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary Viscometer

D4614 Standard Specification for Ethyl Acetate (All Grades)

D4615 Standard Specification for n-Butyl Acetate (All Grades)

D4659 Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Specific Gravity of Isocyanates

D4669 Standard Test Method for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Specific Gravity of Polyols

D4693 Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

D4713 Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Heatset and Liquid Printing Ink Systems

D4742 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline Automotive Engine Oils by Thin-Film Oxygen Uptake (TFOUT)

D4746 Standard Test Method for Determination of Quinoline Insolubles (QI) in Tar and Pitch by Pressure Filtration

D4809 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)

D4830 Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Roofing and Waterproofing

D4870 Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual Fuels

D4878 Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Polyols

D4889 Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Crude or Modified Isocyanates

D4953 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)

D4957 Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Non-Newtonian Bitumens by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer

D5006 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels

D5015 Standard Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition Samples by Electrometric Determination

D5030 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test Pit

D5058 Standard Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of Waste

D5062 Standard Test Method for Resin Solution Dilutability by Volumetric/Gravimetric Determination

D5125 Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Paints and Related Materials by ISO Flow Cups

D5166 Standard Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicle Samples Using a Microwave Oven

D5167 Standard Practice for Melting of Hot-Applied Joint and Crack Sealant and Filler for Evaluation

D5249 Standard Specification for Backer Material for Use with Cold- and Hot-Applied Joint Sealants in Portland-Cement Concrete and Asphalt Joints

D5298 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper

D5304 Standard Test Method for Assessing Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen Overpressure

D5346 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Pour Point of Petroleum Oil Used in Fatliquors and Softening Compounds

D5438 Standard Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis

D5478 Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer

D5534 Standard Test Method for Vapor-Phase Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Hydraulic Fluids

D5551 Standard Test Method for Determination of the Cloud Point of Oil

D5726 Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Hot-Applied Roofing and Waterproofing

D5763 Standard Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware

D5801 Standard Test Method for Toughness and Tenacity of Bituminous Materials

D5853 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils

D5890 Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

D5891 Standard Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

D5958 Standard Practices for Preparation of Oil-Based Ink Resin Solutions

D6038 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Compatibility of Resin/Solvent Mixtures by Precipitation Temperature (Cloud Point)

D6082 Standard Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils

D6084 Standard Test Method for Elastic Recovery of Bituminous Materials by Ductilometer

D6111 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement

D6209 Standard Test Method for Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air (Collection on Sorbent-Backed Filters with Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis)

D6327 Standard Test Method for Determination of Radon Decay Product Concentration and Working Level in Indoor Atmospheres by Active Sampling on a Filter

D6331 Standard Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method)

D6333 Standard Practice for Collection of Dislodgeable Pesticide Residues from Floors

D6351 Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Temperature Fluidity and Appearance of Hydraulic Fluids

D6371 Standard Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels

D6426 Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel Oils

D6493 Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-Ball Apparatus

D6539 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Pneumatic Permeability of Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Flowing Air

D6572 Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test

D6608 Standard Practice for the Identification of Trinidad Lake Asphalt in Asphalt Mixes

D6780 Standard Test Method for Water Content and Density of Soil in Place by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)

D6784 Standard Test Method for Elemental, Oxidized, Particle-Bound and Total Mercury in Flue Gas Generated from Coal-Fired Stationary Sources (Ontario Hydro Method)

D6824 Standard Test Method for Determining Filterability of Aviation Turbine Fuel

D6922 Standard Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity and Miscibility in Automotive Engine Oils

D6931 Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures

D6933 Standard Test Method for Oversized Particles in Emulsified Asphalts (Sieve Test)

D6937 Standard Test Method for Determining Density of Emulsified Asphalt

D6997 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt

D6999 Standard Practice for Miscibility of Emulsified Asphalts

D7095 Standard Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Disposable Copper Foil Strip

D7098 Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Lubricants by Thin-Film Oxygen Uptake (TFOUT) Catalyst B

D7154 Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)

D7226 Standard Test Method for Determining the Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalts Using a Rotational Paddle Viscometer

D7280 Standard Test Method for Quinoline-Insoluble (QI) Content of Tar and Pitch by Stainless Steel Crucible Filtration

D7312 Standard Test Method for Determining the Permanent Shear Strain and Complex Shear Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Superpave Shear Tester (SST)

D7402 Standard Practice for Identifying Cationic Emulsified Asphalts

D7403 Standard Test Method for Determination of Residue of Emulsified Asphalt by Low Temperature Vacuum Distillation

D7496 Standard Test Method for Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalt by Saybolt Furol Viscometer

D7667 Standard Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel - Thin Silver Strip Method

D7671 Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive Spark–Ignition Engine Fuel–Silver Strip Method

E28 Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus

E50 Standard Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials

E77 Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers

E100 Standard Specification for ASTM Hydrometers

E102/E102M Standard Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of Bituminous Materials at High Temperatures

E126 Standard Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers

E133 Standard Specification for Distillation Equipment

E220 Standard Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques

E223 Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Sulfuric Acid

E224 Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Hydrochloric Acid

E337 Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)

E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry

E644 Standard Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers

E1719 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquids by Ebulliometry

E2251 Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids

E2488 Standard Guide for the Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid Baths Used for Temperature Calibration by Comparison

F390 Standard Test Method for Sheet Resistance of Thin Metallic Films With a Collinear Four-Probe Array

F482 Standard Practice for Corrosion of Aircraft Metals by Total Immersion in Maintenance Chemicals

F558 Standard Test Method for Measuring Air Performance Characteristics of Vacuum Cleaners

F820 Standard Test Method for Measuring Air Performance Characteristics of Central Vacuum Cleaning Systems

F2105 Standard Test Method for Measuring Air Performance Characteristics of Vacuum Cleaner Motor/Fan Systems

Referenced ASTM Standards The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.