9 peer-reviewed papers by key contributors:

• offer a chronology of developments regarding the low-temperature rheological techniques and specifications that apply to the low-temperature cranking and pumping characteristics of engine oils;

• focus on the technological changes that have occurred since the completion of the last round of low-temperature engine and bench test studies

• and bring to light new information that will help determine whether the cranking,starting, and pumping needs of present-day engines are adequatelyserved.